. ^m^mm L I B R.ARY OF THE U N I VERS ITY Of ILLI NOIS 507 1945-48 CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS in P l?°? char e in & this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to fee of $75.00 Vrl^Wsf^T'"'"" TO RENEW CAU TEIEWONE CENTW, MJ-MM -H'*«mr 0, M .NO„ ....... JST. p v ^ n u r rd«r yphone ' wri,enwd - d -^ iff? ANNUAL REPORT ALBERT H. WETTEN A Trustee of the Museum since 1939, Chairman of the Building Committee, and a member of the Auditing, Executive, and Finance Committees PLATE 1 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Report of the Director to tin Board of Trustees for the year 1945 'ducat!on:..' w CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JANUARY, 1946 THE LIBRARY OF THE SEP 16 1346 UNIVERSITY OF IlllMot* PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS 14^-48 Contents PAGE List of Illustrations 7 Officers, Trustees, and Committees, 1945 9 Former Members of the Board of Trustees 10 Former Officers 11 List of Staff 12 Report of the Director 17 Membership 20 N. W. Harris Public School Extension 22 James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation 25 Department of Anthropology 36 Department of Botany 42 Department of Geology 48 Department of Zoology 53 Public Relations 62 Library 66 Publications and Printing 68 Photography and Illustration 71 Maintenance and Construction 72 Attendance and Door Receipts 76 Financial Statements 78 List of Accessions 80 Articles of Incorporation 93 Amended By-Laws 95 List of Members 101 Benefactors 103 Honorary Members 103 Patrons 103 Corresponding Members 104 Contributors 104 Corporate Members 105 Life Members 106 5 List of Members — Continued page Non-Resident Life Members 107 Associate Members 108 Non-Resident Associate Members 123 Sustaining Members 123 Annual Members 124 — 6 List of Illustrations PLATES FACING PAGE 1. Albert H. Wetten 3 2. Killer Whales in Pursuit of Seals 17 TEXT FIGURES PAGE 1. Museum Visitors 21 2. The Virginia Opossum, an Exhibit of the Harris Extension 23 3. Children Coming to a Program Provided by the Raymond Foundation. . 25 4. The White-tailed Fawn 26 5. R. Magoon Barnes 28 6. The Wandering Magpie of India 30 7. Mourning Doves 31 8. Pottery Goblets from Iran 37 9. Life in an Andean Valley at the Time of the Incas 39 10. Copper Ornaments Made by the Hopewell Indians 40 11. A Stone Tobacco-Pipe Made by the Hopewell Indians 41 12. The Soapworts, a Tropical and Sub-Tropical Plant Family 43 13. Marsh Marigold 44 14. Carvings Made from Ivory-Nut Palm Seeds 45 15. Welwitschia 47 16. Uranium Minerals 50, 51 17. Quartz Crystals 52 18. The Ocean Sunfish 55 19. The Moonfish 55 20. The Fruit Bat and the Cuscus; Sketches Made in the Solomon Islands by Corporal William J. Beecher 58 21. Scrimshaw 59 22. The Dance and the Theatre, Netherlands East Indies 64 23. Terrain and Mode of Life, Netherlands East Indies 65 24. Title Page of Early Publication (1642) on Invertebrates, by Ulisse Aldrovandi 67 25. Cover Design from Leaflet, "Mummies," a Recent Museum Publication . 69 7 PAGE 26. Plants of the Bean Family 73 27. Woodland Indians in Upper Great Lakes Region 79 28. Garden Monkshood 83 29. Pigeons §7 30. Ptari-tepui 107 31. Pottery Jar from Iran 114 32. Children Coming to a Saturday Morning Program Provided by the Ray- mond Foundation 123 33. Taxidermist Albert J. Franzen Preparing an Exhibit for the Harris Extension 127 Officers, Trustees, and Committees, 1945 OFFICERS BOARD OF TRUSTEES COMMITTEES Stanley Field, President Albert A. Sprague, First Vice-President Silas H. Strawn, Second Vice-President Albert B. Dick, Jr., Third Vice-President Clifford C. Gregg, Secretary Solomon A. Smith, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary Orr Goodson,! Acting Secretary Lester Armour Sewell L. Avery W. McCormick Blair Leopold E. Block Boardman Conover Walter J. Cummings Albert B. Dick, Jr. Howard W. Fenton Joseph N. Field Marshall Field Stanley Field Samuel Insull, Jr. Charles A. McCullochJ William H. Mitchell George A. Richardson Solomon A. Smith Albert A. Sprague Silas H. Strawn Albert H. Wetten John P. Wilson Executive. — Stanley Field, Solomon A. Smith, Albert H. Wetten, George A. Richardson, Albert A. Sprague, Marshall Field, Silas H. Strawn, John P. Wilson. Finance. — Solomon A. Smith, Leopold E. Block, Albert B. Dick, Jr., Howard W. Fenton, John P. Wilson, Walter J. Cummings, Albert H. Wetten. Building.— Albert H. Wetten, William H. Mitchell, Lester Armour, Charles A. McCulloch,t Joseph N. Field. Auditing. — George A. Richardson, Albert H. Wetten, W. McCormick Blair. Pension. — Albert A. Sprague, Samuel Insull, Jr., Sewell L. Avery. t Resigned April 30, 1945. J Resigned November 19, 1945. — 9 Former Members of the Board of Trustees George E. Adams,* 1893-1917 Owen F. Aldis,* 1893-1898 Allison V. Armour,* 1893-1894 Edward E. Ayer,* 1893-1927 John C. Black,* 1893-1894 M. C. Bullock,* 1893-1894 Daniel H. Burnham,* 1893-1894 George R. Davis,* 1893-1899 James W. Ellsworth,* 1893-1894 Charles B. Farwell,* 1893-1894 Frank W. Gunsaulus,* 1893-1894, 1918-1921 Emil G. Hirsch,* 1893-1894 Charles L. Hutchinson,* 1893-1894 John A. Roche,* 1893-1894 Martin A. Ryerson,* 1893-1932 Edwin Walker,* 1893-1910 Watson F. Blair,* 1894-1928 William J. Chalmers,* 1894-1938 Harlow N. Higinbotham,* 1894-1919 Huntington W. Jackson,* 1894-1900 Arthur B. Jones,* 1894-1927 George Manierre,* 1894-1924 Norman B. Ream,* 1894-1910 Norman Williams,* 1894-1899 Cyrus H. McCormick,* 1894-1936 Marshall Field, Jr.,* 1899-1905 Frederick J. V. Skiff,* 1902-1921 George F. Porter,* 1907-1916 Richard T. Crane„Jr.,* 1908-1912, 1921-1931 John Barton Payne,* 1910-1911 Chauncey Keep,* 1915-1929 Henry Field,* 1916-1917 William Wrigley, Jr.,* 1919-1931 John Borden, 1920-1938 James Simpson,* 1920-1939 Albert W. Harris, 1920-1941 Harry E. Byram,* 1921-1928 Ernest R. Graham,* 1921-1936 D. C. Davies,* 1922-1928 Charles H. Markham,* 1924-1930 Frederick H. Rawson,* 1927-1935 Stephen C. Simms,* 1928-1937 William V. Kelley,* 1929-1932 Fred W. Sargent,* 1929-1939 Leslie Wheeler,* 1934-1937 Theodore Roosevelt,* 1938-1944 Charles A. McCulloch, 1936-1945 * Deceased. 10 Fo rmer Off icers PRESIDENTS FIRST VICE-PRESIDENTS SECOND VICE-PRESIDENTS THIRD VICE-PRESIDENTS SECRETARIES TREASURERS DIRECTORS Edward E. Ayer* 1894-1898 Harlow N. Higinbotham* 1898-1908 Martin A. Ryerson* 1894-1932 Norman B. Ream* 1894-1902 Marshall Field, Jr.* 1902-1905 Stanley Field 1906-1908 Watson F. Blair* 1909-1928 James Simpson* 1933-1939 Albert A. Sprague 1929-1932 Albert A. Sprague 1921-1928 James Simpson* 1929-1932 Albert W. Harris 1933-1941 Ralph Metcalf 1894 George Manierre* 1894-1907 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1907-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 Byron L. Smith* 1894-1914 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1893-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 * Deceased. 11 List of Staff DIRECTOR ACTING DIRECTOR DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Clifford C. Gregg ORR GoODSONf Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator, African Ethnology Richard A. Martin, Curator, Near Eastern Archaeology T. George Allen, Research Associate, Egyptian Archaeology C. Martin Wilbur,* Curator, Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology Fay-Cooper Cole, Research Associate, Malaysian Ethnology Alexander Spoehr,* Curator, North American Ethnology and Archaeology J. Eric Thompson, Research Associate, Central American Archaeology Donald Collier, Curator, South American Ethnology and Archaeology A. L. Kroeber, Research Associate, American Archaeology George I. Quimby, Curator of Exhibits Wilton M. Krogman, Research Associate, Physical Anthropology John Rinaldo,* Assistant Alfred Lee Rowell, Dioramist Gustaf Dalstrom, Artist John Pletinckx, Ceramic Restorer B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator Paul C. Standley, Curator, Herbarium J. Francis Macbride, Curator, Peruvian Botany Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator, Herbarium Francis Drouet, Curator, Cryptogamic Botany L. H. Tiffany, Research Associate, Cryptogamic Botany Llewelyn Williams, Curator, Economic Botany Samuel J. Record,! Research Associate, Wood Technology Robert H. Forbes, Assistant, Dendrology J. S. Daston, Assistant, Economic Collections Earl E. Sherff, Research Associate, Systematic Botany Emil Sella, Chief Preparator, Exhibits Milton Copulos, Artist-Preparator * On leave in the Nation's Service, t Resigned, 1945. X Deceased, 1945. — 12 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Bryan Patterson, Curator, Paleontology, and Acting Chief Curator Paul O. McGrew, Assistant Curator, Paleontology Rainer Zangerl, Curator, Fossil Reptiles James H. Quinn,* Chief Preparator, Paleontology Albert A. Dahlberg,* Research Associate, Vertebrate Paleontology Everett C. Olson, Research Associate, Vertebrate Paleontology Sharat K. Roy,* Curator, Geology Bryant Mather,* Assistant Curator, Mineralogy Harry E. Changnon, Assistant, Geology John Conrad Hansen, Artist Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus Colin Campbell Sanborn, Curator, Mammals Rudyerd Boulton,* Curator, Birds Emmet R. Blake,* Assistant Curator, Birds Boardman Conover, Research Associate, Birds Louis B. Bishop, Research Associate, Birds Ellen T. Smith, Associate, Birds Melvin A. Traylor, Jr.,* Associate, Birds R. Magoon Barnes, f Curator, Birds' Eggs Clifford H. Pope, Curator, Amphibians and Reptiles Loren P. Woods,* Assistant Curator, Fishes Marion Grey, Associate, Fishes William J. Gerhard, Curator, Insects Rupert L. Wenzel,* Assistant Curator, Insects Henry S. Dybas, Assistant, Insects Alfred E. Emerson, Research Associate, Insects Charles H. Seevers, Research Associate, Insects Alex K. Wyatt, Research Associate, Insects Ruth Marshall, Research Associate, Arachnids Fritz Haas, Curator, Lower Invertebrates D. Dwight Davis, Curator, Anatomy and Osteology H. Elizabeth Story, Assistant, Anatomy and Osteology Dorothy B. Foss, Assistant, Anatomy and Osteology TAXIDERMISTS Julius Friesser L. L. Pray C. J. AlBRECHTJ Leon L. Walters W. E. Eigsti John W. Mover* Frank C. Wonder Joseph B. Krstolich, Artist Peggy Collings Brown, Artist * On leave in the Nation's Service, t Deceased, 1945. X Resigned, 1945. — 13 ASSOCIATE EDITOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION THE LAYMAN LECTURER THE LIBRARY ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATION AND RECORDS PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL DIVISION OF MEMBERSHIPS Lillian A. Ross Helen A. MacMinn, Assistant John R. Millar, Curator Albert J. Franzen, Preparator and Taxidermist John Bayalis, Preparator Miriam Wood, Chief Marie B. Pabst* Roberta Cramer Paul G. Dallwig Emily M. Wilcoxson, Librarian Mary W. Baker, Associate Librarian Eunice Gemmill, Assistant Librarian Elsey Merriam, Assistant Librarian Benjamin Bridge, Auditor Noble Stephens, Assistant Auditor A. L. Stebbins, Bookkeeper - Robert E. Bruce, Purchasing Agent Marion G. Gordon, Registrar Elsie H. Thomas, Recorder Edna T. Eckert, Assistant Recorder H. B. Harte Pearle Bilinske, in charge Elizabeth Best* Loraine Lloyd| Emma Neve * On leave in the Nation's Service, t Resigned, 1945. — 14 DIVISIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION STAFF ARTIST DIVISION OF PRINTING GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF ENGINEER CAPTAIN OF THE GUARD C. H. Carpenter, Photographer Herman Abendroth, Assistant Photographer John Janecek,| Illustrator Norma Lockwood, Illustrator Arthur G. Rueckert Raymond H. Hallstein, in charge W. H. Corning James R. Shouba, Assistant William E. Lake E. S. Abbey t Resigned, 1945. 15 "« -C £ in M-l _j O < — w r8 C/5 X UL, £ o c •./) l—H ^S D 3 LO 1/5 c=i 3 D 2 ex 4J r* Z 4J m 4-1 u < u 3 Pi X. £ d oL 3 W j: 4-) < ^ >> _D H < a. Annual Report of the Director ofth To the Trustees: I have the honor to present a report of the operations of the Museum for the year ending December 31, 1945. The resignation, on April 30, of Mr. Orr Goodson, Assistant to the Director, and Acting Director since May, 1942, hastened my return from military service by several months. Except for my earlier return, I deeply regret his leaving the service of this institu- tion. During his years at the Museum, and especially his period as Acting Director, he handled capably and energetically the many problems confronting him, with a grasp that was nothing less than remarkable in view of his short association with the Museum prior to his assumption of its direction. His genial personality endeared him to the staff and the public alike. He was instrumental in bring- ing to the Museum many new and constructive ideas. His last Annual Report will probably stand as a model for the format of such reports for years to come. Financial Outlook After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, several members of the scientific staff, and also of the operating divisions, joined the armed forces. None of the positions thus vacated on the scientific 17 18- — staff were filled. This resulted in a deplorable reduction in research and publications as well as a slow-down in the customary constant improvement of new exhibits and of exhibition technique. All expeditions were called in, and with the single exception of one which had to be undertaken, if at all, at the time of the eruption of the Paricutin volcano in Mexico, no new ones were authorized for the duration. The entire emphasis was placed on the care of the col- lections and furtherance of projects in which the government could be served. Likewise, the care of the building became increasingly difficult and this has resulted in a substantial amount of deferred mainte- nance. Because of the facts stated above, the Museum has operated on a greatly reduced budget, and many projects planned could not be undertaken. As a consequence, a considerable amount of unspent income has accrued in the year covered by these remarks, all of which has been transferred to two reserve accounts: (1) A very necessary depreciation reserve on the Museum build- ing, and on its mechanical plant, which is now approximately twenty-eight years old, and will soon need to be replaced. (2) A reserve for contingencies created by the war, which will take care of a multitude of items that, because of the war, shortages of materials, etc., could not be undertaken. Now the year 1946 faces the Board of Trustees: The roof of the building, thirty years old, with an original twenty- year guarantee, has to be replaced; much tuck pointing of exterior walls has to be done; the entire interior of the building must be washed and painted; and many other items await attention. Many staff members who went into the services have returned and resumed their old positions, and it is hoped and expected that those still absent will return in the first half of 1946. Nearly all salaries have been increased on a broad scale, so that our scientific and clerical personnel may be on a parity with federal government employees, as well as with the staffs of universities and other institutions for the advancement of science and learning. Wages have been increased in an effort to meet as nearly as possible those paid by industry. Furthermore, all materials have increased in price. The budget adopted by the Trustees for the year 1946 slightly exceeds the esti- mated income, despite the substantial permanent increase in antici- -19 pated income occasioned by the very generous Fiftieth Anniversary gift of 10,000 shares of Marshall Field & Company preferred stock and the Pittsfleld Building and land, made by Mr. Marshall Field in 1943. It becomes more and more apparent that, in order to maintain the enviable position it now holds, to keep its proper place in expedi- tionary work, add to its collections, further the advancement of science and knowledge, keep pace in research and publication, and be in a position to pay salaries that will attract to it men of eminent scientific attainment and learning, the Museum must be able to look forward to constantly increasing income. To get this necessary additional income, an increase in invested funds is essential. The Museum, therefore, must look to the many public-spirited and generous citizens of Chicago and the Middle West to help it build up its endowment. Anybody who reads the institution's annual reports knows that the income rate in the last fifteen years has shrunk, to put it con- servatively, fully one-half. This shrinkage in income is not peculiar to the Museum, but is the common experience of all endowed institutions. Trustees and Officers Before the end of the year, four of the five members of the Board of Trustees who had been in war service were released from the military forces and had again resumed their participation in the guidance of this institution as members of the Board (the death on the fighting front of the fifth Trustee in service, Brigadier-General Theodore Roosevelt, was regretfully noted in the 1944 report). The Trustees who returned are Lieutenant Colonel George A. Richardson, U. S. Army; Captain Lester Armour, U.S.N.R.; Com- mander Samuel Insull, Jr., U.S.N.R.; and Lieutenant-Commander Joseph N. Field, U.S.N.R. At the Annual Meeting of the Trustees in January, Mr. Stanley Field was re-elected President, and has now served his thirty-eighth consecutive year in that office. Re-elected also were all the other officers who served in the preceding year. Because of ill health, Mr. Charles A. McCulloch resigned from the Board in November. He had been a Trustee since 1936. Thus, at the year's end there were two vacancies on the Board, the other resulting from the death of General Roosevelt. .20- Membership Notwithstanding the demands on the public due to the war through most of 1945, and the economic uncertainties since cessation of hostilities, there was again an increase in the number of Museum Members for the year. This is a gratifying indication of interest in this institution. The number of new Members enrolled during the year amounted to 407; the number of Members lost through transfer, cancellation and death amounted to 357; the net gain thus was 50. On Decem- ber 31, 1945, the total number of memberships amounted to 4,520. The administration of the Museum wishes to express its appreci- ation to the many public-spirited citizens, who, as Members, have continued their support and thus helped make possible the continu- ation and expansion of the institution's scientific and educational work. Appreciation for their past support is expressed also to those Members who for various reasons found it necessary to discontinue their memberships. Now that victory has been won, it is hoped that the post-war plans of many former Members may include resumption of their association with this institution. The following tabulation shows the number of names on the list in each of the membership classifications at the end of 1945: Benefactors 23 Honorary Members 10 Patrons 22 Corresponding Members 7 Contributors 144 Corporate Members 42 Life Members 206 Non-Resident Life Members 15 Associate Members 2,412 Non-Resident Associate Members 8 Sustaining Members 7 Annual Members 1,624 Total Memberships 4,520 The names of all persons listed as Members during 1945 will be found on the pages at the end of this Report. Attendance There was a decrease in total attendance during 1945 as compared with the preceding year; however, paid attendance increased moderately. The total number of visitors was 1,070,678 as against 1,264,513 in 1944; nevertheless, this total exceeded the 1943 figure of 1,021,289 (see graph, pp. 76, 77). '21 The decrease, while disappointing, can scarcely be considered greatly significant, and probably may be attributed largely to public preoccupation with the increasing tempo of the war and its concomi- tant demands during the first seven and one-half months, climaxed by the victories in Europe and finally in Japan. A further contrib- uting cause, no doubt, was the wartime restriction imposed upon travel, since it is well known that normally a very large proportion of the Museum's visitors, perhaps one-half or more, come from among residents of other cities visiting in or passing through Chicago. It may as well be assumed that, in the normal course of events, a constant and ever-increasing attendance year after year is not to be expected under the law of averages; there is, no doubt, a saturation point which is not likely to be greatly exceeded except after major increases in population or special factors increasing travel in the region above usual proportions. Attendance on pay days remained, as always, only a fraction of the total, at 104,959, but nevertheless this was a substantial increase from the 1944 paid attendance of 99,752 and the 1943 attendance of Fig. 1. The Museum provides education and entertainment for people of all ages. -22 77,980. This is notable in view of the fact that children and teachers, members of the armed forces of the United Nations, and members of the Museum are admitted free on all days of the week. The 30,000,000th visitor to the present building (and 35,839,580th visitor in the history of the Museum) entered the institution on July 15. Large audiences attended special events at the Museum: the spring and autumn courses of lectures in the James Simpson Theatre ; the spring, summer, and autumn programs for children presented by the Raymond Foundation; the daily guide-lecture tours conducted by the Raymond Foundation for both children and adults; the Sun- day programs of the Layman Lecturer, Paul G. Dallwig; the special lectures on Backgrounds of War and Peace; a series of evening lectures on South America; and various special exhibits and events such as the Theatre presentation of Balinese dancers in connection with the Dutch East Indies exhibit. Further, the Museum's influence reached out beyond its own walls through the dissemination of scientific information by means of the traveling exhibits of the Harris Public School Extension, the extension lectures presented in the schools by the staff of the Raymond Foundation, and through the use of such media as newspapers, magazines, radio, and the Museum's publications. Harris School Extension Under the method of circulating portable Museum exhibits in the 498 Chicago schools served by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension at the end of 1945, the more than 1,100 exhibits available are almost all in constant use during the ten months of the school year. Thus it is important that no great number be allowed to become obsolete. The principal efforts of the staff are governed by this need to maintain an adequate supply of material by preserv- ing the accumulated gains of former years. Many of the exhibits required for circulation were made by early techniques that have since been improved. In addition, the extreme conditions of light, heat, cold, and rough handling to which Harris Extension cases are subjected in transportation and school use have injured the material regardless of the care with which it was prepared. Schools in and beyond the limits of Chicago continue to request the service of the Harris Extension. All requests are weighed care- fully and those schools in Chicago that are best fitted to make use of these facilities are added to the list. Unfortunately, it is necessary 23 to choose carefully because the work now being done taxes to the limit the financial resources of the Harris Foundation. Schools outside of Chicago are not eligible for service by the Harris Extension under the terms of the original deed of trust. Thirty-six exhibits were revised wholly or in part during 1945. Even the several exhibits that might be counted as new were an m% m Fig. 2. The Virginia opossum, an exhibit prepared by Harris Extension. The realism of this exhibit has been increased by the addition of a painted background. outgrowth of the effort to save and improve older installations. Exemplifying this are the three duplicate exhibits prepared on the subject of sunfishes. Each contains models of six kinds of sunfishes, which were brought together for use in the tenth grade to illustrate the relationship between some common fishes, such as blue gills, crappies, and the black basses that are popular with anglers. Most of the models of fish in these exhibits are new, but others were previously installed in separate cases with individual titles. The other exhibits in the list of revisions were handled similarly. New backgrounds, new models, new arrangements of old material, or all three were applied to older exhibits to obtain better appearance, durability, or teaching effectiveness. A collection of birds' eggs numbering 289 specimens was received from Mr. A. R. Atkinson, of Wilmette, Illinois. Mrs. Francis T. 24 Junkin, of Chicago, gave a collection of eighty-four mounted birds, one of which was a good specimen of passenger pigeon. An exhibit on the subject, centering around this specimen, was nearing com- pletion in December. Various other birds and small mammals were prepared and added to reserve collections. The wartime schedule for the circulation of exhibits in schools was retained for the entire year despite the removal of governmental restrictions on gasoline consumption prior to the opening of schools in September. Under this schedule, each school participating in the service for the entire year received twenty-six exhibits during the period. Special loans of cases or material, or both, were made on ten occasions, and long-term loans of mounted birds without cases were made to five public school classes for blind children so that the pupils, by sense of touch, may get some idea of the form and external structure of birds. Three cases were stolen, and sixty-six cases were reported as damaged, two of them by fire, while in schools. The stolen cases have not been recovered. Repairs were made on a total of 362 cases. Layman Lectures During seven months of the year — January, March through May, and October through December, a total of 30 Sundays — Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, volunteer member of the Museum's staff as the Layman Lecturer, continued the Sunday afternoon presentations inaugurated by him in 1937. This was the heaviest season Mr. Dallwig has yet undertaken, and he spoke before audiences aggregating a peak attendance of 4,097, bringing to 26,900 the grand total of those who have attended his lectures since the first one on October 3, 1937. Mr. Dallwig, by popular demand, repeated some of the lectures which have been most successful in previous years, and also added two new lectures. He offers a different subject in each month of the season. Most of the lectures are now given in the Lecture Hall, with a social half hour in the exhibition halls pertaining to the subject matter lectured about on the particular Sunday. Wherever part of the lecture was given in the exhibition halls, special platforms were placed therein so as to elevate the speaker, thus making it possible to accommodate larger audiences. The Museum has had publicity benefits also from the fact that Mr. Dallwig has continued to lecture, both in and out of Chicago, on subjects associated with Museum activities. 25 Raymond Foundation The Raymond Foundation in 1945 continued to present lectures, tours, motion picture programs, and stories to groups of children in the schools and both adults and children who came to the Museum (Figs. 3, 32). War restrictions on transportation reduced the group attendance at Museum lectures and tours during a large part of the year. Fig. 3. Children coming to the Saturday morning motion picture program provided by the Raymond Foundation. A third series of weekly radio broadcasts on "Places and People" was presented in conjunction with the Radio Council of the Chicago Public Schools. This series, related to progress of the war, stressed the Far East: Philippines, Burma, China, India, Java, Thailand, and Japan. The introductory program was given by Acting Director Orr Goodson, the concluding program by Director-Gregg, and all others by Mr. John R. Millar. Two new extension lectures were offered to the Chicago schools: "Indians of the Chicago Region" and "Tropical Islands." 26 The Museum Stories, published weekly in connection with the spring and fall series of motion pictures, were written to form two groups of related stories. The spring series contained eight brief sketches of the young of animals (Fig. 4); the fall series eight about Indians of the Chicago region. Following is a summary of the Foundation's various activities in 1945, with attendance figures: Within the Museum: For children Groups Attendance Groups Attendance Tours in Museum halls 360 11 ,602 Radio follow-up programs 8 1 ,103 Lectures preceding tours 21 2 , 578 Motion picture programs 48 29,813 Total 437 45,096 For adults Tours in Museum halls 367 5,879 Lectures on Backgrounds of War and Peace 6 1,651 Total 373 7 , 530 «♦>«.. 'ViW? J 4 r. ?V '«!: AW J%t Fig. 4. The white-tailed fawn. A detail from the cover design for the spring series of Museum Stories, "The Young of Animals." -27 Extension Activities: Extension lectures 146 49 ,740 Total 146 49,740 Totals for Raymond Foundation Activities 956 102,366 Activities in Which Raymond Foundation Participated Adult (foreign-born) Commencement for public schools 1 700 Special program for members 1 900 Saturday afternoon free lecture courses for adults 16 10,833 Total 18 12,433 Total, Raymond Foundation and related general activities of Museum 974 114,799 Contributions Before detailing the gifts received in 1945, attention is called to the contributions in 1944 of Mr. Haddon H. MacLean, Evanston, Illinois, of which mention was inadvertently omitted from the Report for that year. Mr. MacLean gave $1,000 to the Museum general funds and $500 to the N. W. Harris Public School Extension, which with his gift in 1943 make a total of $2,500 he has contributed. In 1945, the Museum received an additional $30,530.92 from the estate of Martin A. Ryerson, bringing the total contributions from that source to $257,486.87, exclusive of an additional $348,314.10 received in previous years from the estate of Mrs. Martin A. Ryerson. From Mr. Stanley Field, its President, the Museum received a contribution of $20,000. The sum of $10,666.67 was received from the estate of Mrs. William J. Chalmers, making a total of $33,085.12 from her bequest. Mr. Rush Watkins, of Chicago, contributed $9,000. In recogni- tion of his gift the Trustees have elected him a Contributor (special membership classification including all persons who give or devise between $1,000 and $100,000 in cash or materials; names of Con- tributors are enrolled on an honor list in perpetuity). Mr. William Street, until recently of Chicago and now of Seattle, gave $8,000. He was elected a Contributor. From the estate of the late Frederick T. Haskell the Museum received $4,987.60, which with previous sums brings his total gifts to $5,987.60. The L. A. Dreyfus Company, of New York, contributed $2,000. 28- Mrs. Broadus James Clarke, of Chicago, established a fund of $2,000 in memory of her late husband, and in recognition was elected a Contributor. Mr. Elmer J. Richards, of Chicago, gave $1,000 for the purchase of botanical specimens, and was elected a Contributor. Mr. Boardman Conover, of Chicago, a Trustee of the Museum, contributed $1,342.21. Fig. 5. R. Magoon Barnes, who bequeathed to the Museum one of the largest and finest coh lections of birds' eggs in existence. Other cash gifts in various denominations were received from Mr. Peder A. Christensen, of St. Louis, Missouri; Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, of Chicago, and others. In recognition of important gifts of material added to the col- lections of the Museum, the following were elected Contributors: the late R. Magoon Barnes, Lacon, Illinois (posthumously elected); Dr. Ruth Marshall, Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin; and Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Barrington, Illinois. Mr. Barnes, who died July 18, bequeathed to the Museum his collection of nearly 40,000 specimens of birds' eggs, one of the largest and finest in existence. Dr. Marshall presented a comprehensive collection of water mites, highly impor- tant in scientific research. In addition to becoming a Contributor, she was appointed Research Associate in the Division of Insects. Dr. Steyermark presented 14,000 plants collected in Ecuador and Venezuela while on leave of absence from his Museum post as Assistant Curator of the Herbarium. He had been engaged for several years in wartime projects as an agent of the government's Foreign Economic Administration. Mr. Stuart H. Perry, of Adrian, Michigan, elected a Contributor in 1944 in recognition of earlier gifts, made important additions to his contributions of geological material in 1945. Mr. Allen Sin- 29- sheimer, of Chicago, presented a valuable collection of books on costume, dress, and manners of many peoples. Other collections of material were received during the year, some from donors of cash gifts already listed and many from other persons and institutions in various parts of this and other countries. A complete list of these appears elsewhere in this report. In recognition of his eminent services — a most valuable contri- bution to the Museum — the Trustees elected Mr. Clay Judson, of Chicago, a Patron of the institution. The Chicago Park District turned over to the Museum $125,879.65, as its share of taxes levied to aid in the support of several museums under an act of the state legislature. Expeditions With the exception of a few field trips by members of various departments, the wartime policy of suspension of expeditions was continued through 1945. Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, conducted a field trip to the Cretaceous beds in Alabama and collected some impor- tant specimens; Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, made some collections in Texas and the Mexican state of Coahuila; and incidental field work (concurrent with their duties while on leave from the Museum as agents of the United States government's Foreign Economic Administration) was conducted in Venezuela by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, and Mr. Llewelyn Williams, Curator of Economic Botany. But with the end of the war, plans were drawn up for a resump- tion of exploration on a broad scale, beginning early in 1946. The continued expansion of the Museum in exhibits, in study collections and in scientific research is mainly dependent upon such a program, and it is hoped that more and more activity of this type may be maintained in the years to come. Expeditions planned for next year include: Archaeological Expedition to Peru; in charge of Mr. Donald Collier, Curator of South American Ethnology and Archaeology. Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest; in charge of Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology. Botanical Expedition to Nicaragua, Honduras, and Salvador; in charge of Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Herbarium. Paleontological Expedition to Wyoming; in charge of Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles. 30 Paleontological Expedition to the Southwest; in charge of Dr. Paul O. McGrew, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, and Mr. Orville Gilpin, Preparator. THE WANDERING MAGPIE OF INDIA « Fig. 6. Plate 6 in "A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains," by John Gould (1804-81). The great series of bird illustrations in the works of John Gould were drawn by him and colored by his wife, Elizabeth Gould. This lithograph was one of a series of illustrations used in a Museum exhibit show- ing the development of bird prints from 1555 down to the present time. Zoological Expedition to Peru; in charge of Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals. The expedition will continue the survey begun by expeditions in 1939 and 1941. Zoological Expedition to the Celebes Islands; in charge of Cap- tain Harry Hoogstraal upon his release from the United States Army Sanitary Corps in the Philippines. Zoological Expedition to Texas and Mexico; in charge of Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology. Zoological Expedition to Puget Sound; in charge of Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, and Mr. Joseph Krstolich, Artist. Zoological Expedition to Trinidad ; in charge of Staff Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder. 31 New Exhibits Additions to the exhibits during the year were notable, especially considering the continuing difficulties presented by wartime short- ages of materials and the fact that many members of the staff were absent in war service. The outstanding accomplishment was the completion and opening of the new Hall of Whales (Hall N-l). The MOURNING DOVES Fig. 7. Plate 17 in "Birds of America/' by James Audubon (1785-1851), who introduced the custom of painting birds with appropriate accessories and in varied postures. (Part of temporary exhibit showing development of bird prints.) 32- principal other additions to the zoological exhibits were the screens illustrating artificial and natural selection among pigeons (Hall 21), and several models of strikingly unusual, rare, and large fishes in Hall 0. The Department of Anthropology installed a new diorama of an Inca village, as well as a number of other cases in the Hall of New World Archaeology (Hall B). The Department of Geology installed in Stanley Field Hall a case of material pertaining to the atomic bomb, and this exhibit attracted a great deal of attention. A few additions were made to the Department of Botany. Special temporary exhibits included one of ancient Persian jewelry and ornamental objects, part of a large collection recently acquired by the Museum; an exhibit illustrating all phases of life in the Netherlands East Indies and prepared in collaboration with representatives of the government of that country; and an exhibit of famous color prints of birds by Audubon and other artists, arranged by Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, Associate, Birds. Personnel The writer was released from Army service and returned to his post as Director of the Museum on May 12, as early as possible after the resignation, already alluded to, of Acting Director Orr Goodson on April 30. The close of hostilities brought back to the Museum some of the personnel who had been absent in the service of the government. Those who returned are: Corp. William J. Beecher, U. S. Army; Assistant, Harris Extension T/5 D. Dwight Davis, U. S. Army; Curator, Anatomy and Osteology S/Sgt. Henry S. Dybas, U. S. Army; Assistant, Insects Morris Johnson, Carpenter's Mate 1/c, U.S.N.R.; Carpenter John McGinnis, Chief Boatswain's Mate, U.S.C.G.; Guard Sgt. Bryan Patterson, U. S. Army; Curator, Paleontology Nicholas Repar, Aviation Machinist's Mate 1/c, U.S.N.R.; Printer Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, field work, Foreign Economic Administration; Assistant Curator, Herbarium Llewelyn Williams, field work, Foreign Economic Administration; Curator, Economic Botany A few new employees were appointed during the year. Dr. Rainer Zangerl was added to the staff of the Department of Geology as Curator of Fossil Reptiles; Mr. Robert Forbes was appointed as an Assistant in the Department of Botany; Miss Norma Lockwood was appointed as Staff Illustrator; and Mrs. Helen A. MacMinn was employed as Assistant to the Associate Editor. Dr. Fred A. Barkley was employed for eight months as a taxono- mist in the Department of Botany. Mr. Bert E. Grove, former 33- guide-lecturer on the Raymond Foundation staff, assisted in the summer work on a temporary appointment. Miss Marion G. Gordon, Assistant Registrar, was promoted to the position of Registrar. Mrs. Peggy Collings Brown was promoted from Assistant in the Department of Zoology to Department Artist. Mr. Julius Friesser, Taxidermist, was granted leave of absence during the last seven months of the year. Two new Research Associates were appointed: Dr. Everett C. Olson, Professor of Paleontology at the University of Chicago, in the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology; and Dr. Ruth Marshall, sole member of a new Division of Arachnids. Research Associate appointments are honorary, carrying no salary; they are based upon scientific accomplishments. The following members of the staff resigned during the year: Mr. C. J. Albrecht, Taxidermist; Mr. John J. Janecek, Staff Illus- trator; Miss Lorraine Lloyd and Miss Velma Whipple, guide- lecturers; and Mr. Robert Yule, preparator in the Department of Anthropology. The death of two members of the staff is recorded with sincere regret: Professor Samuel J. Record, Research Associate in Wood Technology; and Mr. R. Magoon Barnes, Curator (honorary), Birds' Eggs. Mr. George Jahrand, a Museum guard, died while serving as a Chief Machinist with the Navy. The only retirement was that of Mrs. Teresa Jurick of the maintenance force. Special Staff Activities Activities of various members of the Museum staff outside the institution were of value to their work in this institution as well as to themselves. Because of restrictions on travel, these activities were considerably curtailed in 1945. Mr. John R. Millar, Curator of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension, represented the Museum in Cleveland at the Midwest Museums Conference of the American Association of Museums. Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator of the Department of Botany, did some plant collecting in Florida and in the Great Smokies of North Carolina and Tennessee while on a vacation trip. Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, on leave of absence in California, obtained collections of cryptogams for the Museum. -34 Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of the Department of Zoology, collected interesting forms of mammals for addition to the Museum collections while on a trip to northeastern Mexico. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of the Department of Zoology, presented several lectures before classes in the Department of Zoology of the University of Chicago. He also continued his activities as editor of Copeia, Biological Abstracts, and the American Midland Naturalist. Dr. Paul O. McGrew, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, made three study trips to groups of museums: one to those in Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma; one to leading institutions in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts; and one to Nebraska, Colorado, and California. On these trips he made studies at all museums having collections pertaining to fossil horses, on which he is conducting intensive research. He also obtained casts of all specimens of fossil horses in these institutions. Volunteer Workers For many years, volunteer workers have been helpful in the operation of the Museum, assuming tasks which in many instances require a high degree of tedious application, close attention, and painstaking care. During the last year, due to the absence of many members of the staff, the volunteer workers were practically indis- pensable, and in many instances carried on the necessary activities in their divisions of the Museum with little or no assistance from the regular personnel. Especially noteworthy has been the work of Mrs. Marion Grey, Associate, Fishes, who conducted all the activity of her division in the absence of regular personnel; likewise, tribute is due to Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, Associate, Birds, for similarly carrying on, alone, the work of her division. Not only did these Associates perform routine duties, but they conducted independent studies and participated in the exhibition program of the Museum. The names of some of the volunteers appear in the List of the Staff at the beginning of this Report, where they may be distin- guished from salaried workers by the titles "Research Associate" and "Associate." The title "Layman Lecturer," applied to Mr. Paul G. Dallwig in this list, designates another volunteer whose unique contribution to the service of the Museum is reported upon elsewhere. In addition to those whose names are thus listed, the following volunteers are extended grateful acknowledgment for valuable services rendered to the Museum: Department of Anthropology: 35 Mrs. Harold Florsheim, Mrs. Rose Miller, Mr. Eugene Wartenberg, and Mrs. E. M. Tourtelot; Department of Botany: Mr. William A. Daily, Dr. Harry K. Phinney, Miss Grace E. Scharf, Mr. Donald Richards, Mr. Harold B. Louderback; Department of Zoology: Mrs. John Morrow, Dr. Oscar Neumann, Miss Kathleen Jessee, Mrs. Marjorie Falk, Mrs. Sarah H. Pope. University Co-operation During the year, the Museum concluded co-operative arrange- ments with the University of Chicago and with Northwestern University which should prove of great value to both the Museum and the universities. The arrangements will permit a greater use of the Museum's collections and better facilities for the teaching of natural science by the universities. The plans have already been partly placed in effect. Certain reciprocal staff appointments have been made, and continuing studies are being made to co-ordinate further the work of these institutions in fields of mutual interest. In the Department of Anthropology, classes in museology from the University of Chicago are being held twice a week from October to June under the direction of Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator, and Curators Donald Collier and George I. Quimby, all of whom have been appointed to the university faculty. Also, Miss Berenice Kaplan is working in the department on a fellowship from the university. Dr. Francis Drouet, Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, has been appointed to the faculty of Northwestern University and is super- vising the studies in the Department of Botany of Northwestern graduate students. In the Department of Geology, Curator Bryan Patterson and Dr. Paul O. McGrew, Assistant Curator, have been appointed lecturers on the University of Chicago faculty. Classes in verte- brate paleontology now meet in the Museum where the university's teaching collection is housed. Continuity in teaching is provided by Dr. Everett C. Olson of the university, who has reciprocally been appointed as a Research Associate on the Museum staff. The Book Shop Although the Annual Report for the year 1944 recorded the breaking of "all previous sales records," I am happy to report a gain in sales during 1945 of 18.4 per cent above the previous year. While it is difficult to attribute this increase to any one factor, it >36 — becomes apparent that persons interested in the subjects covered by this institution are turning more and more to the Museum Book Shop as a source of authentic published information. It is note- worthy that the increase was not due to any seasonal upswing but was recorded in every single month throughout the year. As additional new titles become available, the need for more space has become apparent, and plans are under way to increase the facilities of the Book Shop early in 1946. Miscellany A special series of radio broadcasts was conducted by means of portable equipment brought into various Museum exhibition halls. These were question-and-answer programs devised by Miss Martha Goudy of the Prairie Farmer Station, WLS. Groups of school children were brought into the halls and they questioned partici- pating staff members on a variety of subjects in connection with the exhibits. The staff representatives were Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, Zoology; Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Zoology; Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, Associate, Birds; and Mr. Richard A. Martin, Curator, Near Eastern Archaeology. Various changes occurred as the direct result of the end of the war. In James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Hall (Hall 4) a special exhibit illustrated the modes of life of peoples of the Pacific Islands frequently headlined in the war news. This exhibit was removed, and the permanent exhibits were reinstalled. The flag of the Museum was also restored to its position at the north of the Museum. Department of Anthropology Research In January the Museum published Mummies, an anthropology leaflet by Mr. Richard A. Martin, Curator of Near Eastern Archae- ology. The subject is a very popular one with Museum visitors, and Mr. Martin's account of the mummification process and of the rites that accompanied it attracted much attention. The leaflet is illustrated with line drawings copied by Mr. Martin from paintings in tombs and temples and illustrations in papyri. These have been reproduced in the leaflet in two colors. Thus, the quaint and realis- tic art of the ancient Egyptians fittingly illustrates some of the processes of mummification and the attendant rites. -37 During the year, the Museum purchased a unique collection of archaeological objects secured in Iran during the past thirty years by Dr. Ernst Herzfeld, of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. The collection includes pottery, personal ornaments of stone, bronze and gold, horse trappings, and weapons of bronze. Mr. Richard Martin has started research on this collec- tion. Some of the objects will soon be on exhibition (Figs. 8, 31). Fig. 8. Pottery goblets (ca. 1400 B.C.), from Tepe Giyan, Iran. Decorated with painted figures of stylized birds and plants in rectangular hachured panels. (Herzfeld Purchase.) A general publication on North American Archaeology was in preparation during the year by Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator, Mr. Donald Collier, Curator of South American Ethnology and Archaeology, and Mr. George I. Quimby, Curator of Anthropological Exhibits. This book will be published by the University of Chicago Press and will probably be available by the summer of 1946. Dr. Martin and Curators Collier and Quimby continued their research for new exhibits in the Hall of Archaeology of the New World (Hall B). Curator Quimby continued the planning of new exhibits for this hall, and in collaboration with Artist Gustaf Dal- strom and others, five new exhibits were completed, and three more roughed out. -38- A report on Craniometry of Ambrym Island, by Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, is now in the Museum Press. This publication deals with people of the New Hebrides. Other original work in craniometry has been completed by Dr. Hambly, embracing a thorough study of the cranial capacities of many peoples. Various methods have been adopted for measuring this capacity, and the investigation carried out in the Museum laboratory has included the direct measurement of the capacities of 429 Melanesian skulls collected by the late Dr. Albert B. Lewis, former Curator of Melanesian Ethnology, when he was leader of the Joseph N. Field South Pacific Expedition of 1909-13. The method favored was that of filling the skull with fine mustard seed, weighing the seed, and calculating the capacity. The results so obtained were checked by use of a formula for calculating the capacity of a group of skulls from the average dimensions of length, breadth, and height. As far as Dr. Hambly can determine, this formula will apply not only to Negro skulls, for which it was first invented and used, but to Melanesian crania as well. An attempt is being made to correct the formula for use in calculating the capacities of skulls other than Negro and Melanesian. In this research, a careful survey of the appropriate literature has been made, and the cranial capacities found by different methods have been compared with those obtained in the Museum laboratory. Work has been continued in the measuring of a rare collection of artificially deformed skulls from the New Hebrides group, with special reference to the effects of infantile deformation on skull measurements of adults. Dr. Hambly has begun measurement of a group of Blackfoot Indian skulls that are a small part of a valuable collection of North American Indian crania which have long been in storage in the Museum. A minor research project has been the making of colored maps and ethnological pictures for the Hall of African Ethnology (Hall D). Pottery from the Aleutian Islands, a short article by Curator Quimby, was published by the Museum in September. It appeared in Fieldiana: Anthropology (Vol. 36, No. 1). He also wrote several articles for the Museum Bulletin. A brief paper entitled The Sadiron Lamp of Kamchatka as a Clue to the Chronology of Aleut Prehistory was accepted for publication by American Antiquity. Mr. Quimby wrote another short paper, Natchez Social Structure as an Instrument of Assimilation, which was accepted for publication by the American Anthropologist. 39- — A reprint of People of the South Pacific, a handbook on Melanesia, was released by the Museum Press. This popular work was written by the late Dr. Albert B. Lewis in 1932 and had been out of print several years. The present reissue was edited by Dr. Hambly and two appendixes were added by him to complement the research that was done by Dr. Lewis, in connection with the Field South Pacific Expedition of 1909-13. In addition to his extensive research for the general publication on North American Archaeology being written in collaboration with Dr. Martin and Mr. Quimby, Curator Collier prepared a general article on Inca civilization and history for the Museum Bulletin. This was published in conjunction with the installation of the Inca diorama in the Hall of Archaeology of the New World. He also wrote a technical article entitled Conjuring Among the Kiowa, which was published in Primitive Man. The article is concerned with the "shaking tent" ceremony, a ritual performed for divination purposes. A comparison of the Kiowa ceremony with similar cere- Fig. 9. A diorama in Hall B showing life in an Andean valley at the time of the Incas. On the irrigated terraces the Indians are cultivating corn, squash, and beans. After crossing the suspension bridge, two llama drivers have paused at the house before proceeding with their pack train to the village market. 40 — monies of the other Plains tribes furnished evidence that the Kiowa Indians, who lived in Oklahoma in the nineteenth century, formerly lived in the northwestern plains, probably in Montana. During the year, Curator Collier served as associate editor of the Bulletin of Fig. 10. Ornaments of sheet cop- per made by the Hopewell Indi- ans of Ohio. Time about A.D. 1100-1400 (Hall B). the Chicago Anthropological Society, and wrote numerous articles and reviews for it. In addition to articles for the Museum Bulletin already noted, others were contributed by Dr. Martin and Dr. Hambly. The article on Applied Anthropology, which appeared in the January- February issue, brought a request for an extra run of 200 copies from a large industrial organization which distributed them to key personnel in the employee relations field. Dr. Martin and Curators Collier and Quimby continued to give instruction in museology to graduate students of the University of Chicago. Installations and Rearrangements— Anthropology Five new exhibits were prepared by Curator Quimby, assisted by Artist Dalstrom, Chief Curator Martin, and Curator Collier. They are as follows: (1) Hopewell Sculpture. — Objects carved from bone, fossil ivory, cannel coal, and stone, by the Hopewell Indians who lived in Ohio from about A.D. 1100 to 1400 (Figs. 10, 11). 41 (2) Hopewell Burial Ceremonies. — Elaborate rituals attending death and burial of Hopewell Indians of Ohio (A.D. 1100 1400) are illustrated. A display of materials, buried with the dead for use in the Spirit World, is included. (3) Indians of the Upper Great Lakes Region. — The story of these Indians is illustrated by an exhibit stressing the dichotomy of their lives (A.D. 1400 1700). In summer, they lived together in small villages and farmed and hunted. In winter, they separated into family hunting groups. These two different modes of life are well portrayed by means of two small dioramas which are part of the screen. These dioramas, the work of Artist Dalstrom, are stylized in three dimensions (Fig. 27). (4) Woodland Indians of the Great Lakes Region. — These tribes (A.D. 1100-1400) were culturally related to the Hopewell Indians of Ohio. They may have farmed and they certainly hunted and gathered wild foods. The dead were buried in mounds, the most spectacular of which were "effigy" mounds. (5) Eskimo Art. — The purpose of this display is to show how Eskimo art has changed during a period of 2,000 years. A special feature is the illustration of phases of Eskimo life (hunting in kayaks, traveling by dog sledges) by means of miniature Eskimo objects carved in ivory and stone — kayaks, Eskimos, dogs, sledges, ducks, and seals. Fig. 11. A stone tobacco pipe in the form of a duck on top of a fish. Made by the Hopewell Indians of Ohio. Time about A.D. 1100-1400 I Hall B). The civilization of the Inca Indians is the subject of a diorama installed in the Hall of Archaeology of the New World. The diorama shows in miniature the agricultural terraces, irrigation ditches, a suspension bridge, houses, a fortress, llamas and their drivers, and other features of the every-day life of these Indians shortly before they were discovered by the Spaniards. The diorama was con- structed by Artist Lee Rowell under the direction of Curator Donald Collier (Fig. 9). -42- Mr. Richard Martin installed two new cases containing Roman antiquities and one new case of Etruscan pottery in Edward E. and Emma B. Ayer Hall (Hall 2). Department of Botany Expeditions and Research During 1945 the Curator of the Herbarium, Mr. Paul C. Standley, and the Assistant Curator, Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, finished determination of the Guatemalan collections obtained by four Museum expeditions, and manuscript for the Flora of Guatemala was completed. This work is now in press. Guatemala has the largest flora of all the Central American countries, and this Flora will be found useful also for other Central American countries such as Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua, as well as for the bordering states of southern Mexico. The present Flora includes all plants known from British Honduras, which floristically is about identical with northern Guatemala. Much time was devoted to determination of series of Central American plants, especially one of 3,500 specimens from the moun- tains of Honduras, collected by Professor Juvenal Valerio R., of Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Critical determinations were made of a large number of plants from South America, chiefly in the madder (Rubiaceae) and mulberry (Moraceae) families. Dr. Steyermark continued in Venezuela the field work described in last year's report. Nearly four months were spent on a joint expedition sponsored by the Museum and the Venezuelan Ministry of Agriculture. Extensive collections were made from the coastal cordillera in the states of Sucre, Monagas, and Anzoategui, including the ascent of the three peaks of Cerro Turumiquire and re-collecting in the area between Caripe and Cumana, first known botanically through the travels of Humboldt and Bonpland, but in large part not revisited since their travels 140 years ago. About 6,000 speci- mens were collected for the Museum on this trip and it is certain that many species previously unknown to science will be found among them. Duplicates of these collections were deposited with the herbarium of the Servicio Botanico in Caracas. After returning to the Museum in July, Dr. Steyermark began to assemble his collections for labeling and mounting. -43 Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, on leave of absence in California, reports progress on a new part of his Flora of Peru. Dr. E. E. Sherff, Research Associate in Systematic Botany, concluded during the year an extended study of the American and allied Polynesian forms of Dodonaea and resumed his study of the Fig. 12. An exhibit illustrating the plant structure and economic value of the soapvvorts, a tropical and sub-tropical family closely related to the horse-chestnuts (Hall 29). genus Dahlia. He made two trips to Altdorf Island in the Kankakee River and two to Peter's Mountain in Virginia to study the rare hollyhock-like Kankakee mallow and its montane variety. He also published a revision of Schiedeana and additions to Dodonaea in botanical journals. Mr. Llewelyn Williams, Curator of Economic Botany, returned to the Museum after several years of field work in Venezuela, first on a joint Museum-Venezuelan government expedition for botanical 44- exploration of the upper Orinoco River, later in the service of the Board of Economic Warfare and United States Rubber Develop- ment Corporation. His first care on his return was the organization for labeling and mounting of the extensive collections of herbarium specimens obtained by him in 1941 42 in the upper Orinoco and Guiana region. The Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, Dr. Francis Drouet, in collaboration with Mr. William A. Daily of Butler University, continued monographic work during 1945 on the non-filamentous Fig. 13. The marsh marigold, a typical plant of the butter- cup family, reproduced in plastic and recently added to the botanical exhibits in Hall 29. Myxophyceae. This involved visits to the herbaria and libraries of the Missouri Botanical Garden, University of Michigan, and University of Notre Dame. Dr. Hanford Tiffany, Research Associ- ate in Cryptogamic Botany, pursued further research on the algal flora of Illinois. Dr. Harry K. Phinney of Northwestern University spent the first ten months of the year in completing his studies in the cryptogamic herbarium on the Cladophoraceae. Miss Grace E. Scharf, graduate student at Northwestern University, initiated research intended to result in a revision of the Microsporaceae. Mr. Donald Richards, volunteer assistant, worked with the collections of mosses. For more than half the year Dr. Fred A. Barkley of the Depart- ment of Botany, University of Texas, was employed in the her- 45 barium of the Museum, where he did a great deal of very valuable work. Among other things, he arranged the historic Sesse - and Mocino Herbarium of Mexican plants, now on loan at the Museum, and identified critically many plants of the family Anacardiaceae (cashew family), upon which he is conducting monographic studies. In 1945, the Department of Botany received 230 accessions, consisting of material for the economic collections and for the exhibits and herbaria. Of these, 25,476 were received as gifts; 7,637 were exchanges; 11,023 were collected by expeditions; 601 were purchases; and 47 were transferred from the Division of Photography, a total of 44,784 items. The total number of specimens incorporated in the herbaria and other organized collections at the end of 1945 was 1,159,944. During the year, there were added to the herbaria 18,374 sheets of specimens and photographs of plants, besides a small number of typewritten descriptions of new species. Of the total receipts for the year, 44,598 consisted of plant specimens and photographs for the herbaria. Outstanding among the additions to the phanerogamic herbarium from foreign institutions were 3,500 Honduran specimens from the Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, which Fig. 14. Fanciful carvings made in South America from the seeds of the ivory- nut palm. These seeds, under the trade name of vegetable ivory, are commonly used in making buttons (Hall 25 I. 46 were presented through Dr. Wilson Popenoe and the collector, Professor Juvenal Valerio Rodriguez; and 2,337 specimens sent in exchange by the Instituto Miguel Lillo of the Universidad de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina. From the Department of Botany of the University of Chicago, there was received as a gift the cycad herbarium formed by the late Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, which was accompanied by a large number of negatives of plants of this family. More than 6,000 specimens of cryptogams were received during 1945, in addition to those from Museum expeditions. Of these, almost 2,000 came as exchanges from other herbaria. The remainder were gifts, including 1,120 bryophytes from Mr. Donald Richards, Chicago; 510 cryptogams from Mr. Lawrence J. King, Wooster, Ohio; and 315 algae from Dr. Walter Kiener of the University of Nebraska. There were 9,153 cryptogams mounted and filed in the cryptogamic herbarium during the year. Further progress was made toward completing the repackaging of the fungi. Large numbers of duplicate specimens to be sent in exchanges to other institutions, were prepared. Considerable aid was received in this work from Mr. Richards, Dr. Harry K. Phinney, and Mr. Harold B. Louder- back, of the Argo (Illinois) Community High School. By co-opera- tive arrangement, 2,745 cryptogams, chiefly derived from the private herbaria of Storrow Higginson and L. N. Johnson, were received on permanent loan from Northwestern University and were mounted and filed in the cryptogamic herbarium. During 1945 the Department distributed as exchanges 3,401 herbarium specimens, besides two sendings of wood specimens and economic material. There were also distributed by sale and exchange 7,566 photographic prints from the negatives of type specimens of plants made in European herbaria by Associate Curator Macbride. Installations and Rearrangements — Botany Few changes or additions were made during the year in exhibits of the Department of Botany. The shallow exhibition cases designed in the early years of the Museum for display of essentially two- dimensional objects such as mats, textiles, planks, tall, narrow glass jars, and the like, are gradually being changed to accommodate exhibits requiring more ample depth. More than half a dozen of these have been rebuilt, refinished and reinstalled, and have made possible some improvement in the sequence and arrangement in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29, Plant Life). 47- The vascular cryptogams have thus been brought together in one alcove, and the gymnosperms in another larger one where the various groups included, from extinct seed ferns to living conifers, may be seen at a glance. Two new installations in this alcove have Fig. 15. Welwitschia is a unique African plant bearing only two leaves, which continue to grow throughout the life of the plant. This model is being assembled by Mr. Emil Sella for installation in a proposed new habitat group for the Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29). been made within the year, viz. the Cycadeoids and (in anticipation of the habitat group under way) Welwitschia (Fig. 15). The similar- ity of structure of the latter to that of Gnetum and the conifers is thus indicated in the synoptic exhibits. There are still many vacant spaces in the hall. Some of these have been reserved for common northern flowering plants, and one of the two preparators in the department, Mr. Milton Copulos, with occasional aid from Mr. Emil Sella, Chief Preparator, has been engaged throughout the year in an effort to supply the deficiency 48> with reproductions in plastics of plants like the marsh marigold (Fig. 13), aconite, and flax, which have recently been added. With the co-operation of Mr. William A. Daily, of Butler University, an exhibit of Penicillium, the blue mold from which penicillin is derived, was prepared for display in Stanley Field Hall. Its central feature is a glass model, made by Chief Preparator Sella, of a fragment of the organism magnified about 400 times. Also included are reproductions in plastic of agar plate cultures of the mold. The material required, derived by direct descent from the original cultures used in 1929 by Sir Alexander Fleming, the dis- coverer of penicillin and its antibiotic properties, was supplied by Mr. Daily, with permission of Eli Lilly and Company. In the exhibit of food plants in Hall 25, the case of spices and condiments has been thoroughly reinstalled with the addition of new and fresh material to replace various items that in the course of years had become inadequate as representations of the subject. The exhibit of palms in the same hall received a few interesting addi- tions in the shape of objects made from palm material, among them a very long Indian blow-pipe, which was made by boring a ten- foot length of a slender palm stem; also a variety of small objects made from the hard seed or "nut" of the ivory palm. The former, as well as a large kind of trumpet made from a Bactris stem, was collected by Curator Williams in Venezuela; the ivory-nut objects were brought from Ecuador by Dr. Steyermark. In Charles F. Millspaugh Hall (Hall 26) of North American Woods there were added various preserved branches required for some of the conifers, and a number of photographs. In the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27) the Venezuelan specimens collected by Curator Williams were labeled as soon as he returned, but few additions were made. The virtual impossibility during the war of obtaining specimens of wood for exhibition has left empty space awaiting woods of Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador in the American section. Department of Geology Expeditions and Research Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles and Amphibians, conducted field work in western Alabama, as a follow-up on some exceedingly interesting turtles from the late Cretaceous marine deposits of the southern states that the Museum has received in recent years from Mr. CM. Barber, formerly of the Department 49 of Zoology. One of Dr. Zangerl's major interests is the evolution of the turtles, a group that is well represented in the fossil record. In October, 1945, Mr. Barber made a preliminary survey of exposures of the Selma formation near Eutah, Alabama, the results of which were sufficiently promising to merit intensive work. War- imposed restrictions being at an end, it was decided to send a party, composed of Dr. and Mrs. Zangerl and Mr. Barber, into the region. Despite miserable weather conditions, which called for such unusual field expedients as building fires over plaster jackets in order to harden them, the results were impressive. More than a hundred specimens were collected, outstanding among which are a partial skull and skeleton of a gigantic turtle, probably Archelon, several turtle skulls, the partial skeleton of a small mosasaur, and a large fish. The collection is doubly welcome since most of the forms were not previously represented in the Museum, and the region and forma- tion from which they were obtained are seldom worked by vertebrate paleontologists. Within the Museum, Dr. Zangerl has revised the study collection of fossil turtles, published a paper in Fieldiana on fossil snapping- turtles from the Great Plains, and prepared a manuscript on alli- gators from the later Tertiary of Texas. He has continued researches begun elsewhere on the comparative osteology of the living turtles, a necessary preliminary to any intensive study of the fossil forms. Since a number of rare, exotic turtles are represented in this country only by a few specimens preserved in alcohol, it is necessary in many cases to resort to stereoscopic X-ray photography, a process that reveals the details of skeletal structure almost as satisfactorily as does a prepared skeleton, with the added advantage of clearly demonstrating the relations of hard to soft parts. The Museum's X-ray equipment is admirably suited to this work. The history of the horse family is perhaps the best documented and certainly the most widely publicized record of the evolutionary development of a group of animals. Despite the voluminous litera- ture on the subject, however, much remains to be learned. The specific taxonomy of the fossil forms is in an unsatisfactory state. The abundant materials available can reveal the rates of evolution of the various parts of the skeleton, show to what extent some of them may be correlated, and indicate whether or not there have been times of accelerated development in the 50,000,000 years of recorded horse history. As a natural outgrowth of his studies on late Pleistocene horses, summarized in previous reports, Dr. Paul O. McGrew, Assistant 50 Curator of Paleontology, turned to the study of the family as a whole. Fossil horses have been accumulating in American museums for almost a hundred years and a considerable amount of traveling is therefore necessary even to survey the material that has been brought together. Dr. McGrew devoted four months of the year to visiting practically every North American institution in which fossil horses are preserved, accumulating an impressive stack of notes and measurements. Collation of the data is, of course, still in the pre- URANIUM MINERALS SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE ATOMIC BOMB <&L ^ «k^.&-> J i-.' J. J i * MAJOR DEPOSITS * MINOR OEPOSITS * REPORTED OCCURRENCES Fig. 16a. Map showing the principal deposits of uranium minerals, sources of energy for the atomic bomb (Stanley Field Hall). liminary stage. One important result of the work has been the accumulation of approximately 5,000 casts of specimens in other institutions which will be of permanent value for reference purposes. Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Paleontology, who returned in November, is completing studies interrupted by his entry into the Army in 1943. A study of the Taeniodonta should shortly be ready for the press. Taeniodonts were peculiar extinct mammals, evidently derived from insectivore-like ancestors, that converged toward the ground-sloths in their later evolution. The resemblance, although far from exact, was sufficiently close to mislead early investigators of the group into belief in direct relationship. More recent work has largely contradicted this view. Facts brought out in Mr. Patterson's 51- study show that the resemblances were due entirely to convergence, and in addition provide new data on the classification and evolution of the order. Installations and Rearrangements — Geology Because of the intense public interest aroused in 1945 by the release of atomic energy and its use in the war, Mr. Harry Changnon, PRODUCTION OF URANIUM 23 s RAW ORE CONTAINS ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF URANIUM - 104 TONS OF RAW ORE YIELDS' I 3/4- ■>Ns|^ IELDS< TCHBLENDE\l- U TON U- PI CONCENTRATES EQUALS IN ■YIELDS— ^ POTENTIAL- I POUND ENERGY RANIUM URANIUM 'f SALTS Fig. 16b. A diagram showing the approximate amount of ore that must be mined and treated to obtain one pound of Uranium 235, the equal in potential energy of three million gallons of gasoline (Stanley Field Hall). V '/-, GRAM OF RADIUM 235 3 MILLION GALS OF GASOLINE SUFFICIENT PDWERTO RUNACAR AROUND THE WORLD 2,400 TIMES. Assistant in the Department, prepared a special exhibit devoted to uranium ores, source of Uranium 235 (Fig. 16). Specimens of the ores and a world map showing the localities in which they are found comprise one side of the exhibit. The other side is devoted to a diagrammatic illustration of the amount of ore required to produce a pound of U-235, together with a comparison of this pound with the amount of a familiar combustible — gasoline — required to yield the same energy potential. The map brings out the fact that the United States and Canada are favored among the nations in their possession of major deposits of uranium ore, but emphasizes that they by no means enjoy a monopoly of it. In fact, the rather general distribution of the ore stresses the ultimatum that Science has presented to the peoples of the world: "Unite or perish." 52 A complaint heard against museums is that they devote case after case to the display of rare and priceless objects but often make little effort to provide the introductory exhibits necessary to their proper appreciation. Attempts to remedy the situation in this Department were well under way when they were interrupted by the war. Mr. Changnon, however, has completed a series of cases that contribute an introduction to Mineralogy, one of the most colorful of the many Fig. 17. Quartz, the commonest of all minerals, occurs in more than two hun' dred varieties, many of which rival precious gems in color and beauty. The group illustrated is exhibited in the new installation of the Chalmers Collection of crystal groupings (Hall 34). branches of geology and one especially attractive to the amateur. Two cases on crystals, briefly noted in the last report, were designed to demonstrate mineral classification based on crystal form and to show the direct relationship of the crystal form of a mineral to its atomic structure. These were rounded out this year by two addi- tional cases. One of these points out the differences between rocks and minerals, demonstrating that minerals are chemical compounds whereas rocks are physical mixtures of minerals. The other deals with those physical properties of minerals that aid in their rapid determination. Since most of these can be recognized at sight or by simple tests, minerals that display outstanding examples of each property were selected and accompanied by explanations of the relative importance of the properties in the work of identification. 53 An enlarged and remodeled storeroom for the research collection of fossil mammals, planned some years ago, was completed during the year. It is now possible to bring together all material represent- ing this class, except the very largest specimens, into one room in which adequate working space and lighting are available. The necessary rearrangement of the collections and the checking of each specimen against the catalogue have occupied Mr. Orville Gilpin, Preparator, for a large part of the year. A welcome outcome of this new construction is the fact that the room lends itself admirably to the class work in vertebrate paleontology conducted in co-operation with the University of Chicago. Considerable progress has been made toward a revision of the research collection in economic geology and toward the preparation of a card catalogue of the specimens. The Langford Collection of fossils from the Illinois Coal Measures, although consisting predominantly of fossil plants, includes an excellent representation of the invertebrate animals of the time. These were unpacked, sorted and catalogued during the year. The fine series of myriopods, shrimp-like forms, king crabs, ostracods and pelecypods constitute a welcome addition to the research collections of fossil invertebrates. The services of Mr. Joseph B. Krstolich, Artist, were lent to this Department by the Department of Zoology, for the preparation of plastic models and plaster bases for crystal exhibits. Department of Zoology Expeditions and Research The only field work of the Department in 1945 was Chief Curator Karl P. Schmidt's collecting trip in March and April to Texas and the Mexican state of Coahuila. This continued the special interest of the Department in the Big Bend National Park, and extended that interest from the Chisos Mountains of the new park to the Sierra del Carmen of adjacent Mexico. Mr. Schmidt accompanied a ten-day horseback reconnaissance of unmapped terrain in northern Coahuila under the auspices of the United States Fish and Wild- life Service. At Waco, in central Texas, Mr. Schmidt was the guest of Mr. J. E. Johnson, Jr., whose active aid in collecting, and com- petent knowledge of the McLennan County region, were invaluable. In the Division of Anatomy, Miss H. Elizabeth Story, Assistant, has continued her active program of dissection of the mammals 54 related to the giant panda, in connection with the main research project of the division for a monograph of the anatomy of that remarkable "herbivorous carnivore." Mr. D. D wight Davis imme- diately resumed his work on the major undertaking on his return to the division from the Army. In the Division of Mammals, Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, continued his work on a check list of the mammals of South America, which has made excellent progress during the year. Dr. Osgood published a short paper in the Journal of Mammalogy describing two new species of rodents from Mexico, and described a new rodent from New Guinea in the Museum's publications. In the Division of Birds, Mr. Boardman Conover, Trustee and Research Associate, continued his studies on the game birds of the world, and made much progress in listing the hawks in the Museum collections for a volume in The Birds of the Americas. A short paper on the birds of the Solomon Islands by Mr. William J. Beecher, formerly temporary assistant in the Department, appeared in Fieldiana late in the year. In connection with the temporary exhibit of the history of bird illustration, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap (Ellen T.) Smith, Associate, contributed an article to the Museum Bulletin. Mrs. Dessie P. Morrow, volunteer assistant, contributed an article to the Bulletin on a most remarkable mourning dove nest. The Division of Reptiles continued work on the growth of the rattle of rattlesnakes and on the action of snake venom and the treatment of snake-bite. The mechanism by which the rattlesnake skin is molted, with the addition of a new segment of the rattle, has been a topic of discussion and argument among anatomists and students of snakes for a century. Mr. Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians, in collaboration with Dr. Arnold A. Zimmermann of the University of Illinois College of Medicine, hopes to supply definitive answers to the questions involved. There has been a growing dissatisfaction among critical students with modern recommendations for the treatment of snake-bite, and Curator Pope has engaged in a series of experiments on the action of snake venom and on methods of treatment, with the aid of Dr. L. W. Peterson, also of the Illinois College of Medicine. Details of the bite of venomous snakes and of the amounts of venom injected under natural conditions are being examined by Mr. Pope and Mr. R. Marlin Perkins, Director of the Lincoln Park Zoo. Chief Curator Schmidt has found time for minor studies on reptiles, and has prepared a formal report on the turtles of Panama, Fig. 18. The ocean sunfish (no relative of the familiar fresh-water sunfishes of Amer- ica) is found in surface waters of tropical and temperate seas. It is one of the most curious of all fish types (Hall O). Fig. 19. The moonfish is a large and brilliantly colored fish that lives at moderate depths in the ocean. It is rarely seen or caught (Hall O). oo 56^— to satisfy the terms of the Museum's contract with the Smithsonian Institution for the Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone, undertaken in 1911. In the course of preparation of this report, Mr. Schmidt published a short note in Marine Life, Occasional Papers, under the title Problems in the Distribution of the Marine Turtles. In connection with this interest in the general field of ecology, Mr. Schmidt published a short note in the American Midland Naturalist on Evolution, Succession, and Dispersal, and an essay in the Scientific Monthly on A Naturalist's Glimpse of the Andes. In the Division of Fishes, Mrs. Marion Grey, Associate, com- pleted her list of the types of fishes in the collections of this Museum. Figures are being prepared for the unfigured species, and this paper is otherwise ready for publication. Mrs. Grey has continued her studies on the Caribbean fishes collected by the Leon Mandel Expedition of 1940. She contributed two articles to the Museum Bulletin, one on the newly exhibited models of the remarkable oarfish, ocean sunfish, and moonfish, and one on the "living fossil" Latimeria. Mr. Robert Haas, a volunteer in the Division of Fishes, has undertaken the identification of the Chinese fresh-water fishes in the Museum's collections, planning to carry this through, family by family. The work of Mr. William J. Gerhard in the Division of Insects was entirely curatorial during the absence of members of his staff in military service. Dr. Charles H. Seevers, Research Associate in the division, has continued his work on staphylinid beetles. The Division of Lower Invertebrates produced two short papers on mollusks during the year as a further by-product of the extensive revision of the collection by Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator. In addition to the two articles from the Division of Birds and two from the Division of Fishes for the Museum Bulletin, Chief Curator Schmidt contributed one on the new Hall of Whales and one on the two cases showing the results of artificial selection in the domestic pigeon and of natural selection in wild pigeons (Fig. 29). The total number of accessions in the year numbered 51,817, of which 247 are mammals; 39,895, birds and birds' eggs; 1,269, amphib- ians and reptiles; 720, fishes; 7,224, insects and related forms; 2,400, lower invertebrates; and 62, anatomical specimens. The most notable gift was the comprehensive collection of water mites accumulated by Dr. Ruth Marshall of Wisconsin Dells. This collection is contained in 4,291 vials and 1,128 microscopic slides, and includes some 200 types of the new forms described by Dr. Marshall and her principal American predecessor in this field of 57 study, the late Dr. Robert H. Wolcott. The collection was accom- panied by a comprehensive bibliographic card index and an extensive special library of books and pamphlets. The water mites are a very widespread group found almost en- tirely in fresh water. They are one of the few living aquatic groups of arachnids. These small creatures are of great scientific interest as a highly organized and very distinct type of animal. They form part of the free-swimming plankton in fresh waters, and their study forms a province of the intriguing science of limnology. By Dr. Marshall's gift, the Museum is placed in a position to work further in this special field of limnological interest. A second notable gift of the year is the collection of 39,317 North American birds' eggs left as a legacy to the Museum by the late Judge R. Magoon Barnes, of Lacon, Illinois. This collection had long been on deposit in the Museum, and Judge Barnes was Honorary Curator of Birds' Eggs on the staff. His last gift consisted of two eggs of the California condor collected in the 1870's and valued at $200. These he had brought to the Museum in person and compared with the specimens already in the Barnes Collection. Additions to the Museum's collections from service men, both from our own staff and others, were continued during the year. The list of such accessions follows: Number of specimens S/Sgt. G. Banner 33 Corp. William J. Beecher 346 Corp. Michael H. Bevans 2 T/5 D. Dwight Davis 2 S/Sgt. Henry S. Dybas 894 Lieut. S. A. Edgar 64 Ph. M.2/cEdwinC. Galbreath. 5 S Sgt. E. Hagen 10 Capt. H. Hoogstraal, U. S. Army 218 Pf c. Stanley Jewett, Jr 5 Pvt. Robert R. Kohn 1 Ensign John Kurfess 33 Ph. M. 3/c J. G. Little 2 Pfc. Kevin W. Marx 8 Number of specimens Lieut. H. R. Mead, U. S. Army. 8 Pvt. Roger D. Mitchell 33 Capt. Carl Mohr, U. S. Army. . 10 Sgt. Bryan Patterson 805 Corp. Eugene Ray 35 Lieut. Cmdr. Colin C. Sanborn, U.S.N.R 127 Lieut, (j.g.) Everett W. Shuler, U.S.N.R 27 Lieut, (j.g.) J. A. Slater, U.S.N.R Capt. Robert Traub, U. S. Army Capt. Rupert Wenzel, U.S. Army Lieut. Loren P. Woods, U.S.N.R. 2 54 19 L21 A notable series of gifts is constituted by the prize-winning domestic pigeons used for exhibition to illustrate the topics of the origin of the domestic pigeon and artificial selection. These were received from various donors (see accession list) through the efforts of members of the Chicago Pigeon Club and especially through the interest of Mr. Joseph N. Koehler in the project. 58- Other gifts of special interest were 11 birds from Mr. E. M. Chenery, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad; 41 birds and 3 eggs from Mr. Boardman Conover, Research Associate in the Division of Birds; the continued gift of material from the Chicago Zoological Society and the Lincoln Park Zoo; 71 reptiles and 37 amphibians from Texas, Fig. 20. Two sketches from the portfolio of Mr. William J. Beecher, who found time to continue his painting of natural history subjects even during the hazards and trials of a campaign in the Solomon Islands. presented by J. E. Johnson, Jr., of Waco; 748 shells from Mr. Charles D. Nelson, of Grand Rapids, Michigan; 177 fishes from British Columbia from Mr. E. F. Ricketts, of Robles del Rio, Cali- fornia; and 63 reptiles and 17 amphibians from Ecuador and Switzer- land, from Dr. Rainer Zangerl, of the Museum's Department of Geology. Installations and Rearrangements— Zoology The most notable addition to the Museum's exhibition halls in 1945 was the opening of the Hall of Whales (Hall N-l) adjacent to the Hall of Marine Mammals (Hall N). A notable series of models of whales, the smaller porpoises and dolphins natural size, the larger whales one-tenth life size, has been in preparation for some years. 59 - — These were modeled in clay and cast in plaster by Mr. C. J. Albrecht, former staff taxidermist of the Museum, and painted by Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert. The hall has been treated as a unit, and the models are supplemented by eight murals showing something of the life of whales and of the glimpses of them to be had by the ocean traveler. A large mural at the end of the hall catches the visitor's eye as he enters. It represents the dramatic moment of killing a sperm whale from a whaleboat in the days of the New England whalers a century ago. Whaling tools of the sailing ship era and the "scrimshaws" (Fig. 21) and "jagging wheels" made by the whalers are shown in a special case. The twenty-eight models exhibit most of the main types (the genera) of living whales. Two cases at the end of the hall are reserved for anatomical exhibits (in preparation ) to show how these gigantic mammals are modified from the normal mammalian type for completely aquatic habits, and to show some- thing about the food, parasites, and conservation problems of whales. Staff Taxidermist Leon L. Pray completed four models of remark- able oceanic fishes that had been unrepresented in the Museum's Hall of Fishes (Hall O). One of these is the oarfish, whose elongate form and striking silver and red coloration, combined with the fact that it is a deep-water creature only rarely seen, give rise to the sea serpent myth. The brilliantly colored moonfish, obscurely related to the oarfish, and the gigantic ocean sunfish, with its intriguing Fig. 21. Nineteenth-century sailors on the whaling hoats often whiled away long hours at sea by engraving designs on the huge teeth of the sperm whale. The engraved teeth were called scrimshaws and a favorite subject was the one shown above, a fishing village on the seacoast (Hall of Whales, N-l). 60 smaller relative, the truncated sunfish, are shown on a panel at the entrance to Hall (Figs. 18, 19). Mr. Pray also completed an exhibit showing the steps by which a museum exhibition model of a fish is prepared. As a continuation of the program of devising instructive cases for the walls between the main cases in the systematic halls, two such wall cases were installed in Hall 21, under the titles "Artificial Selection in Domestic Pigeons" and "Natural Selection in Wild Pigeons." The first of these deals with the interesting topic of the origin of the domestic pigeon, and emphasizes the importance of the principle of "Artificial Selection" in the history of the theory of evolution. The case of wild pigeons simply presents the extremes of the pigeon type resulting from the parallel operation of "Natural Selection." The specimens of domestic pigeons used in the first of these cases were obtained through the active co-operation of the Chicago Pigeon Club, and the Museum is especially indebted to Mr. Joseph N. Koehler, who took endless pains to insure the arrival of the pigeons (most of which were prize-winning specimens in their respective breeds) in perfect condition. The individual specimens were mounted by Staff Taxidermists John W. Mover, Wilmer E. Eigsti, and Frank C. Wonder (Fig. 29). The cases in Halls 13 (George M. Pullman Hall) and 15 (Syste- matic Mammals) were relabeled with raised letters on the screens, and the case entitled "What is a Bird," in Hall 21 was entirely reinstalled with new labels. During April and May a special exhibit showing the history of bird illustration was planned and installed by Mrs. Ellen T. Smith, Associate, with departmental aid. Two cases of books were placed at the south end of Hall 13, supplemented by the loan of framed Audubon prints from Mrs. Smith's own collection. These cases received attention from birdlovers, and made use of the Museum's notable collection of illustrated books on birds in the Edward E. Ayer Library (Figs. 6, 7). Staff Taxidermist Leon L. Walters has continued the accumu- lation of his notable series of celluloid models of remarkable types of reptiles, and has aided in other exhibition projects in which his ingenious use of celluloid is invaluable. Artist Joseph B. Krstolich made several models for the topical cases in the Hall of Whales before undertaking a major project of a family tree of mammals to introduce the systematic halls of mammals (Halls 13 and 15). 61- The type specimens of birds, and specimens of extinct species of birds were placed in specially made celluloid tubes by Taxidermists Eigsti and Wonder, for better care and preservation. A group of miniature models of game animals by the noted eastern taxidermist, Louis Paul Jonas, was placed on exhibition for two months in Carl E. Akeley Hall (Hall 22) beginning April 4. Chief Curator Karl P. Schmidt completed the translation of a notable work on marine animal geography by the Swedish zoologist Sven Ekman. This was accomplished with the aid of Miss Margaret Bauer. A fourth volume of the Department's unique translation of the general work on mammals by Max Weber (which has been completely translated in the same way) was prepared for the bindery. Cataloguing, Inventorying, and Labeling — All Departments Anthropology New accessions received by the Department of Anthropology totaled seventeen, of which five were entered in the inventory books. Thirteen previous accessions were entered in whole or in part. Eight hundred and thirty-one catalogue cards were prepared during the year, and 1,730 were entered. Since the inventory books were first opened, 231,518 cards have been entered in them. The Division of Printing delivered to this Department 125 labels. Botany The records of botanical accessions, loans, and exchanges were kept up to date as usual by Miss Edith Vincent, Librarian of the Department, along with the Botany Library catalogue and card index of new species. Labels were prepared for new exhibits added during the year and various old labels were revised. Mrs. Frances S. Goetz provided the labels for the 7,566 type photographs furnished to other institu- tions in 1945, and for fully as many more which were assembled but not sent out before the end of the year. For all new sheets added to the herbaria of phanerogams and cryptogams as well as to the economic collections labels were pro- vided by the curators concerned. A systematic card catalogue was begun by Mr. Robert Forbes, temporary assistant in dendrology, for the large number of Venezuelan woods resulting from recent expeditions. -62 Geology Twenty-eight accessions were received and 674 specimens catalogued in the Department of Geology. Numbers were placed on 5,262 specimens, and 4,342 catalogue cards for specimens were written. Labels printed totaled 248. Thirty prints of geological subjects were added to the photograph albums. Zoology Entries in the catalogues of the Department of Zoology numbered 4,909, of which 2,567 are for lower invertebrates, 421 for fishes, 384 for reptiles, 1,232 for birds, 283 for mammals, and 22 for the Division of Anatomy. The revision of the reference collection of mollusks occupied much of Dr. Haas' time, involving many new labels. Public Relations Special events, such as temporary exhibits, a stage presentation of the temple dances of Bali and Java, and evening lectures on timely topics, furnished the basis for a large and important part of the Museum's press and radio publicity during the year. These included a special exhibit on Audubon, presented for two months beginning with the 160th anniversary of his birth on April 26; an exhibit of the miniature animals of the sculptor-taxidermist Louis Paul Jonas, brought here from New York in the spring; a special exhibit illustrating the life of the peoples of the Netherlands East Indies (Figs. 22, 23), opened with a preview for members and a stage presentation in the James Simpson Theatre of native dances by the well-known Balinese dance troupe and island musicians headed by Devi Dja from the temple of Den Paser; a special exhibit of ancient Persian cultural material including ornamental objects which closely parallel modern trends in costume jewelry; an exhibit of radio-active minerals prepared at the time of peak interest in the atomic bomb; preliminary events such as "camera fans'" Museum field days and photographic expeditions in connection with a forth- coming photographic salon to be held at the Museum in early 1946; and a special series of evening lectures by Mr. Sullivan Richardson, noted explorer, on postwar South America. Other Museum activities, which, like the special events above listed, received lavish attention in the press with half to full pages of pictures, were the opening of the new Hall of Whales; the opening of the new exhibit illustrating "natural and artificial selection among pigeons"; the installation of the Peruvian village diorama in Hall B 63 — - of the Department of Anthropology. Also, the Chicago Daily News devoted a page and a half in its Saturday rotogravure section to a layout of pictures illustrating the steps in the preparation and exhibition of a Harris Extension school case, from the collection of specimens in the field through various laboratory processes to the final display in the classroom. The Chicago Sunday Tribune devoted a full page in natural colors to reproductions of paintings made in the Solomon Islands by Mr. William J. Beecher of the Museum staff during his Army service in the Pacific. Extensive space was given in both the Chicago Sunday Tribune and the Downtown Shopping News to articles, pictures and maps on the subject of the Museum's attractions for vacationists during the war-engendered transporta- tion stringencies. Overseas, the Illustrated London News published several pages in full color of Museum exhibits, from color photo- graphs made by Mr. Clarence B. Mitchell, a Museum Contributor, and sent abroad in 1938. The originals were destroyed in a bombing raid, but fortunately the printing blocks were unharmed. These are but a few of the outstanding publicity items of the year. In all, the Public Relations Counsel prepared 270 news releases ranging from small routine items to full column stories. In accordance with the experience of past years, many of these stimu- lated editors to assign their own reporters and photographers to follow up at the Museum for larger coverage or "exclusive angles." Likewise, as usual, some of these stories became the inspiration for editorials in newspapers and magazines. The Museum is deeply appreciative of the interest shown in its activities and the co-opera- tion extended by the staffs of the Chicago Daily News, Chicago Sun, Chicago Daily Times, Chicago Herald-American and Chicago Tribune; also, the City News Bureau, Associated Press, United Press, Inter- national News Service, Science Service, various periodicals, and other local, national and international publications and news agencies. The contributions of various special writers and columnists have also been welcome and have proved especially valuable as publicity. Chicago radio stations and national networks continued to give time on their news and feature programs to the Museum. One of special note was an evening program in the "Chicago, U.S.A." series of the American Broadcasting Company devoted to a fea- ture presentation of "behind-the-scenes" work at the Museum (over WLS in Chicago). The Museum's most faithful radio friend, the North Western Hour program over station WMAQ, which has given time to the Museum on an average of once or twice a week -64 ' 4 IHi^r V ^HfltfHMHHl Fig. 22. The dance and the theatre in the Netherlands East Indies are not only a means of entertainment; they are also a presentation of a philosophy of life. These scenes are reproduced from the Netherlands East Indies Ex- hibition, June 30-September 4, 1945. for years, continued to do so, through Mr. Patsy Gallichio, an- nouncer, during most of the year, and through Colonel Norman Ross, A.A.F., upon his return to the program in the latter part of the year, after a long absence in war service. Appreciation is due also to the program's sponsor, the Chicago and North Western Railway, and to the Caples Company, advertising agency that prepares the programs. Not to be overlooked in a summation of the Museum's publicity is the extensive and valuable space given the institution in other than the large metropolitan dailies, viz., the community newspapers published for the different local areas of Chicago; the foreign- language newspapers of the city, and the newspapers of Chicago's suburbs, and of other regions of Illinois and the Middle West. Many of the stories of general interest were published nationally, and in foreign countries as well. The Museum Bulletin, published principally for the membership of the institution, was continued on a bi-monthly basis because of paper and manpower shortages, but it is hoped that by 1947 it will 65 be restored to a monthly basis. Editorial production of this publi- cation is a part of the duties of the Public Relations Counsel. The Bulletin continued to be, as in past years, the source of additional publicity in newspapers and magazines, which reprinted or quoted from many of its articles. Co-operating with the Medill School of Journalism of North- western University, the Museum's Public Relations Counsel assisted students sent out on "assignments" as a part of their courses in reportorial work. In addition to coverage of the fields already described, the Public Relations Counsel prepared the usual quota of special arti- cles for various periodicals, and for books such as the Americana Annual (of the Americana Encyclopedia). The Museum was advertised without cost, except for printing, through posters dis- played in stations and trains of the Chicago Rapid Transit Lines, the Chicago, Aurora and Elgin Railroad, the Illinois Central System and the Chicago and North Western Railway. Some of these companies, and many hotels, department stores, public information bureaus and other co-operating agencies distributed thousands of Museum descriptive folders. The Museum co-operated in distri- bution of a folder on this and seven other Chicago institutions. Fig. 23. The Netherlands East Indies include many types of terrain and vegetation and many modes of life. These scenes are reproduced from the Netherlands East Indies Exhibition, June 30-September 4, 1945. —66 Library During the war there was an almost complete cessation of the flow of books from abroad, and only in the past few months have receipts of publications from various foreign exchanges been resumed. It is gratifying to report that some of the files are now completed to date. An interesting incident was the receipt from a soldier in Europe of a package of valuable books picked up near a ruined castle and no doubt part of a treasured library. The books are historical in nature, and it is regretted that the sender's name could not be traced. Many desirable books and sets were added to the Library in 1945 (Fig. 24). The Lepidopterorum catalogus has been almost completed and it is hoped that the numbers still missing may be obtained in the near future. Mrs. Pauline Psota, of Chicago, has added some valued num- bers to the collection she contributed in 1944. Dr. Ruth Marshall, of Wisconsin Dells, presented an excellent collection of books and pamphlets on water mites. This is practically a complete library on the subject, and adds much to the value of the material given by her to the Department of Zoology. Another addition was a col- lection of books on the costumes of various countries. This is a subject on which source material was greatly needed. The Library has received some 4,600 maps issued by the Army Map Service. The full number promised is 25,000, and these will make a desirable addition to the resources of the Library. Those so far received are chiefly of Africa and the region around the Medi- terranean Sea. A small collection of attractive, up-to-date books on natural his- tory for young people has recently been installed. It has assisted students and has aroused the interest of other youthful readers. Their response to this innovation has been gratifying and the Mu- seum consequently plans to continue and enlarge this section of the Library. There have been 2,800 new books added to the Library, including some works long desired and needed to round out its resources. Cataloguing for the new books involved the preparation of 17,721 index cards. Museum visitors using the Library have increased in number again this year as for several years past. Fig. 24. Title page of "De mollibus, crustaceis, testaceis, et zoophytis," by Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605), an important source book recently added to tbe Library. In this publication many of the lower invertebrates of Italy were accurately described and figured for the first time. 67 68 Publications and Printing Changing the name of Field Museum of Natural History has necessitated a series of alterations in our scientific publications. These changes were not made until 1945, as it was felt that con- cluding numbers of incomplete volumes should be issued without changes of name or style. Most of these volumes have now been completed; those that are incomplete will soon be closed. The name "Fieldiana" has been adopted for the technical pub- lications of octavo and quarto size, and it is hoped that this name will be used in citations; for example, Fieldiana, Zoology, vol. 00, pp. 00-00. The ample margins and spacing that are the fundamentals of good bookmaking have been left as before, and the format sizes have not been changed. According to recent studies on the psychology of reading, 10-point is the most readable of type sizes and a 26-pica line comes within the recommended limits of length of line. Both of these have therefore been retained in the octavo publications. Books containing illustrations that cannot be reduced to 4 by 63^ inches will be published as before in a quarto size (Memoirs Series; type page 5% by 93^ inches). Use of Century Expanded type has been continued for all tech- nical publications. Its characteristics of balanced weight, simplicity, and legibility make it desirable in reference books. A new type face, Baskerville, has been added to the equipment of the Division of Printing and will be used in the publication of non-technical material. The modern Baskerville is an authentic revival of a fine eighteenth century type and has achieved great popularity because of its individu- ality and precision. This paragraph is set in Baskerville. White dull-coated paper will be used in publications where illus- trations are reproduced by the halftone process; an English Finish paper will be substituted in books published without illustrations or with reproductions made by line etching. The Museum is endeavoring to produce books that are conser- vative in appearance, easy to read, convenient to handle, and amply illustrated. Postal communication to many parts of the world, which had been interrupted by the war, was re-established during the latter part of 1945, enabling the Museum to plan resumption of pub- lication exchanges with libraries in the Eastern Hemisphere. Cards with prepaid reply forms attached were sent to the names on the 69 Museum's mailing list covering that part of the world, in an attempt to bring its record of those addresses up-to-date before sending through the International Exchange Bureau of the Smithsonian Institution the accumulated scientific papers which the Museum published during the war. Pending replies to these inquiry cards, distribution of publications continued to be confined to libraries of museums, universities, and individual scientists in the Western Hemisphere, as was necessary during the past several years. The papers sent out on exchange account consisted of 8,131 copies of publications, 528 leaflets, and 175 miscellaneous books and pamphlets. Sales during the year totaled 2,802 publications, 9,394 leaflets, and 24,741 miscellaneous pamphlets, such as Guides, Handbooks, and Memoirs. Seventeen new exchange arrangements with in- stitutions and scientists were established. For future sales, foreign exchanges, and other distribution, the Museum in 1945 wrapped, Fig. 25. Cover design on a popular leaflet, "Mummies," recently published by the Museum. Anubis, the Egyptian god who presided over embalming, is testing the heart of the scribe, Ani, on the great scales. The heart is balanced against a feather, symbol of truth. This scene is from the funerary papyrus buried with Ani. 70 labeled, and stored 30,787 copies of publications and miscellaneous pamphlets in 530 packages. A total of 174,152 picture post cards was sold during the year, of which 29,115 were from the lot of twenty-four colored views of Museum exhibits printed late in the summer. Production of the Division of Printing in 1945 included eight new numbers in the Museum's regular publication series. These com- prised 110 pages of type composition. The number of copies printed was 7,562. One leaflet, containing 18 pages of type composition, 11 plates, and 10 drawings, was printed (Fig. 25). The number of copies was 5,075. The Annual Report of the Director for the Year 19 %1+ consisted of 133 pages of type composition, and 5,815 copies were printed. A second edition of Anthropology Guide, Part 5, Ethnology of Melanesia, was issued. The title was changed to People of the South Pacific. The publication contained 264 type pages and the number of copies printed was 1,032. A second edition of the handbook of color plates of exhibits in the Museum was issued under the title Colorama. This book originally was published in 1942 and was entitled Exploring Field Museum. It consists of 44 type pages and 43 four-color plates. The number of copies printed was 5,300. Three reprints of the General Guide, each consisting of 58 pages, totaled 33,148 copies. The total number of pages printed in all books was 787 and the total copies numbered 58,872. Six issues of the Museum Bulletin were printed, with an average of 5,450 copies per issue. Exhibition labels printed during the year reached a total of 1,691. Other printing, including stationery, posters, Museum Stories for Children (Raymond Foundation), lecture schedules, publication and leaflet price lists, and post cards, brought the total number of impressions for the year to 1,098,797. Following is a detailed list of publications issued during the year: DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Lewis, Albert B. People of the South Pacific. 264 pp., 56 text figures, 2 maps, 2 plates. Martin, Richard A. Mummies. Anthropological Leaflet No. 36, 18 pp., 10 text figures, 11 plates. Quimby, George I. Pottery from the Aleutian Islands. Fieldiana, Anthropology, vol. 36, No. 1, 13 pp., 4 text figures. 71- DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY Riggs, Elmer S. Some Early Miocene Carnivores. Geological Series, vol. 9, No. 3, 48 pp., 23 text figures. Schmidt, Karl P. A New Turtle from the Paleocene of Colorado. Fieldiana, Geology, vol. 10, No. 1, 4 pp., 1 text figure. Zangerl, Rainer Fossil Specimens of Macrochelys from the Tertiary of the Plains. Fieldiana, Geology, vol. 10, No. 2, 8 pp., 3 text figures. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Beecher, W. J. A Bird Collection from the Solomon Islands. Fieldiana, Zoology, vol. 31, No. 4, 7 pp. Haas, Fritz Malacological Notes — IV. Fieldiana, Zoology, vol. 31, No. 2, 12 pp., 1 text figure. Some Remarkable Shells of a South American Fresh-Water Mussel. Fieldiana, Zoology, vol. 31, No. 3, 16 pp., 1 text figure. Osgood, Wilfred H. A New Rodent from Dutch New Guinea. Fieldiana, Zoology, vol. 31, No. 1, 2 pp. ADMINISTRATIVE PUBLICATIONS Annual Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the Year 19^1+. 133 pp., 29 text figures, 3 plates. General Guide to the Exhibits in Chicago Natural History Museum. Twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth editions. 58 pp., 3 text figures, 6 plates. Colorama. 87 pp., 43 plates. Art Classes The Art Institute of Chicago, continuing its years-long co-opera- tion with this Museum, sent its usual classes of both child and adult students, who found the exhibits in this institution a bountiful source of ideas for their studies in drawing, painting, sketching, modeling, composition, design, and research, which form the cur- riculum of these classes. The classes coming from the Art Institute are provided at this institution with special facilities to aid their work. On Saturdays, especially, large groups of children from the art school's junior department are received. As a result of their use of material in the Museum, many of the students have created painting, drawings, sculptures, and ceramic objects of high merit, and each year a selection of these is used as a special exhibit at the Art Institute and elsewhere. Photography and Illustration Production by Photographer C. H. Carpenter and his assistants increased for the fourth successive year. Output in 1945 totaled 72- 19,792 items as compared with 18,363 in 1944. The production includes negatives, prints, enlargements, lantern slides, transpar- encies, color films, and miscellaneous items. These were made not only for the various departments and divisions of the Museum but also for other institutions, the press, and book publishers, as well as for sales to the public. The total number of negatives now in the files is nearly 102,000, and work was continued on the huge task of classifying, indexing, numbering, and filing these. The Division of Illustration continued to furnish illustrations, maps, charts, etc. for publications, exhibits, transparencies, and other purposes. This work was done by Mr. John J. Janacek in the early part of the year, and after his resignation was continued by Miss Norma Lockwood, the new Staff Illustrator. Completion of his work in the new Hall of Whales (Hall N-l), opened to the public during the year, was a major task of Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert. Mr. Rueckert was granted three months' leave of absence because of illness following completion of this task. In the remainder of the year he devoted his time to preliminary work on new projects for the Departments of Zoology and Botany. Cafeteria The Museum Cafeteria served a greater number of persons than in the preceding year, and thus established a new record, as its 1944 patronage had been the largest for any previous year since 1934. The 1945 total was 106,521 as compared with 105,860 in 1944. There was an increase also in the number of persons accommodated in the room provided for those bringing their own lunches, 80,040 using these in 1945 as compared to 79,131 in 1944. The combined total for Cafeteria and lunchroom thus was 186,561 for 1945 as compared to 184,991 in 1944. The lunchroom, unlike the Cafeteria, is open both to those who bring their own food and to those who wish to buy sandwiches, soft drinks, and other light refreshments. Maintenance and Construction The Lecture Hall was greatly improved by closing the window alcoves, building a small projection booth, installing new light fix- tures, framing the motion picture screen, and redecorating. Seating in the James Simpson Theatre was repaired. Partition changes were started, late in the year, in the south center area of the ground floor to accommodate the entire Division of Printing on one floor. The work will probably be completed early in 1946. 73 The serving counter and steam table in the Cafeteria were rearranged to form a regular "line" cafeteria. Most of this work was done after closing hours. On the east and west sides of the third floor, 92 casement sashes were replaced with single light sashes made of cypress and glazed with plate glass. Fig. 26. Strange lianas, striking fruits, and valuable woods are displayed in one section of a large exhibit of plants of the bean family (Hall of Plant Life, Hall 29). Checking facilities at the north entrance were improved and a new rack was built in the children's cloakroom. The painters were thoroughly occupied, as usual, throughout the year. The Raymond Foundation office, corridors between exhibition halls on the second floor, the Library reading room, columns in Stanley Field Hall, Hall 15, Lecture Hall, Staff Artist's room, Rooms 15, 93A, 94, 99, guards' room, all third floor lavatories and all stair railings were washed and painted. Lunchroom and corridor walls were washed repeatedly. 74 Because of the shortage of help in many divisions of the Museum, the maintenance force assumed many additional tasks not usually required of it. For the Department of Zoology considerable time was spent on the final stages of the new Hall of Whales (Hall N-l). Assistance was given the taxidermists in preparing several cases in Halls 13 and 15. Two wall cases were provided and several stands were made for the new pigeon exhibit in Hall 21. A new room was constructed on the fourth floor to serve as a divisional library for the Curator of Lower Invertebrates. In the Department of Geology, a new storage-study room, begun in 1944, was completed with the installation of three new storage cases and the purchase of 673 wooden trays. An exhibition case was prepared for use in Stanley Field Hall to house the uranium exhibit. Room 104 was divided to form offices for the Curator and Assist- ant Curator of Paleontology. Some assistance was given to the Department of Anthropology on installations in the Hall of North American Archaeology (Hall B ) and in moving and rearranging cases in several halls. Various accessories for portable cases were made for and furnished to the Harris Extension. The outside hydraulic lift was changed to oil pressure with electric push-button control. A new pump was installed and capacity was cut from twelve tons to eight tons. New wrapper sheets were installed on the rear legs of all four boilers and the necessary brick work was torn out and replaced. The coal bunkers, the ash-receiving tank and the supply tank in the pumproom were lined with stone, to stop corrosion. All four boilers were thoroughly cleaned and brick work was repaired where necessary. New blow-off valves were installed on circulators. Stokers were gone over and necessary repairs made. A new chain and rollers were installed on the coal conveyor and a number of buckets were replaced; other necessary repairs were made to the heating plant. All pumps were repacked, and a new rotary assembly was installed in one. A new duplex pumping unit was installed in the boiler room sump. The hot-water boiler was repaired and a new steam coil was installed in the supply tank. A new hot-water tank with necessary pipe and fittings was installed in the Cafeteria. The remodeling of the Cafeteria required — — 75- the installation of new drain lines, hot- and cold-water piping and the moving and connecting of steam table and coffee urns. Hall 15 was rewired and outlets were run down the walls. Cases were wired with fluorescent fixtures. Two hundred and sixteen units were made up and installed. In the Lecture Hall, new fluorescent fixtures were hung. Two new motors were installed in the mummy X-ray case in the Hall of Egyptian Archaeology (Hall J). Under the contracts in force, a total of 14,757,120 pounds of steam was sold to the Chicago Park District and 15,538,592 pounds of steam to the Shedd Aquarium, making a total of 30,295,712 pounds of steam sold. In the pages that follow are submitted the Museum's financial statements, lists of accessions, by-laws, and lists of Members. Clifford C. Gregg, Director 1,264,513 1,070,678 104,959 ATTENDANCE AND DOOR RECEIPTS For Years 1944 and 1945 Paid July 15-May 21 Jan. 8-Feb. 11 Sept. 3-Sept. 4 Average daily Average paid attendance Highest Lowest Highest paid admissions admissions (9 ' _•' ; of total) attendance attendance attendance Total attendance 20,955 17,746 Xumber of guides sold «r $9,244.46 $6,926.63 Sales of publications, leaflets, handbooks, portfolios, and photographs 174,152 150,568 Xumber of post cards sold 39,507 40,882 Number of articles checked 76 IS, 779 52,917 ATTENDANCE (Continued) Service personnel School children Teachers Members Students FRF.E ADMISSION'S OX PAY DAYS Thursdays 1 115,316 138,003 Saturdays HflflflBX36£v ; ' V'i"/ 1216,827 244,536 fl$SBB^^^^&f C 1 ^^Hfl^^HJ^H 1 542,322 692,167 ADMISSIONS ON" FREE DAYS 77 Comparative Financial Statements FOR YEARS 1944 AND 1945 Income 1945 Endowment funds $348,336.53 Funds held under annuity agree- ment 18,775.99 Life Membership fund 9,487.74 Associate Membership fund. . . . 11,956.61 Chicago Park District 125,879.65 Annual and Sustaining Mem- berships 15,315.00 Admissions 26,239.75 Sundry receipts 22,268.73 Contributions, general purposes 127.21 Contributions, special purposes (expended per contra) 1,148.52 Special funds — part expended for purposes designated (in- cluded per contra) 22,261.12 Expenditures Collections $ 11,177.43 Operating expenses capitalized and added to collections. . . 42,570.32 Expeditions 3,550.00 Furniture, fixtures, etc 3,334.78 Wages capitalized and added to fixtures 452.78 Pensions and group insurance. . 54,963.72 Departmental expenses 36,633.60 General operating expenses 303,220.37 Building repairs and alterations . 38,568.89 Annuity on contingent gift 25,000.00 Reserve for building repairs and mechanical plant deprecia- tion 10,000.00 Reserve for contingencies arising from the War 67,000.00 1944 $299,762.42 19,152.87 9,693.56 11,822.21 125,099.35 14,600.00 24,938.00 21,731.65 603.00 619.25 14,424.97 $601,796.85 $542,447.28 $ 5,582.77 45,697.72 1,350.00 1,305.33 46,097.08 35,057.45 283,246.73 32,157.35 25,000.00 10,000.00 55,000.00 $596,471.89 Balance. . . $ 5,324.96 $540,494.43 $ 1,952.85 The N. W. Harris Public School Extension 1945 1944 Income from endowment $ 16,609.88 $ 17,299.14 Expenditures 16,727.49 15,626.52 Deficit $ 117.61 Balance . . $ 1,672.62 78 *\i/x & SEASONAL LIFE OF NORTHERN INDIANS *u* A f H ^ ii - * Fig. 27. Above, an exhibit in Hall B, illustrating the life of Woodland Indians in upper reat Lakes region. Time about A. D. 1400 — 1700. Examples of articles in daily use during e period are included in the exhibit. Miniature dioramas show the differences in social ganization and livelihood in winter and summer. Below: enlargement of diorama on left, owing life in summer. 79 List of Accessions Department of Anthropology — Accessions Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Institute of Ethnology, Leningrad: 66 casts of prehistoric skeletal material — Crimea, U.S.S.R. (gift). Borough Museum, The, Newbury, England: 11 pottery fragments (Tell Halaf) — Arpachiya, Syria (exchange). Buffalo Museum of Science, Buf- falo, New York: 1 Iroquois pottery vessel — probably New York (exchange). David, E. A., Long Island City, New York: portrait of woman, wax encaustic on wood, 2nd century a.d. — Fayyum, Egypt (purchase). Felix, Benjamin B., Dundee, Illi- nois: 4 pieces of pottery — near Uxmal, Yucatan, Mexico (gift). Frank, Mrs. Joseph K., Chicago: 1 Egyptian scarab — locality unknown (gift). Gibson, Mrs. E. G., Momence, Illinois: 1 fish-spearhead of whale bone (Yahgan tribe) — Tierra del Fuego (gift). Guest, Lieut. Comdr. Ward E., Chicago: 6 ethnological specimens (Toman tribe) — New Hebrides (gift). Herzfeld, Dr. Ernst, Princeton, New Jersey: More than 600 archaeo- mainly pottery- logical specimens, Iran (purchase). Huidekoper, Wallis, Twodot, Mon- tana: 18 Navaho blankets and 1 Sioux club — United States (gift). Klapp, T. L. J., Jr., Chicago: 1 Sac and Fox buffalo robe — Elizabeth, Illinois (gift). Mead, Estate of Aaron Benedict, Evanston, Illinois: 1 inlaid catlinite pipe (Sioux or Dakota) and 1 minia- ture Etruscan bowl — eastern South Dakota and Italy (gift). Milwaukee Public Museum, Mil- waukee, Wisconsin: 4 pots, Woodland pattern — Wisconsin (exchange). Prentice, Mrs. Clarence C, Lake Forest, Illinois: 2 feathered baskets (Porno) — California (gift). Rendtorff, Comdr. H. K., Pullman, Michigan: 1 ceremonial mask (Big Namba tribe) — Malekula Island, New Hebrides (gift). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 9 ethnological speci- mens — Aleutian Islands (exchange). Williams, Llewelyn, Chicago: 1 wooden manioc grater (Kuripako tribe) — Venezuela (gift). Department of Botany— Accessions Ames, Dr. Stanley A., Madison, Wisconsin: 2 specimens of algae (gift). Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts: 236 plant specimens (exchange). Barkley, Dr. Fred A., Austin, Texas: 100 specimens of algae (gift). Barman, Olger, Elma, Washington: 1 economic specimen (gift). Barros V., Prof. E., Conception, Chile: 115 specimens of Chilean plants (gift). Bauer, Margaret, Chicago: 2 plant specimens (gift). Benke, Hermann C, Chicago: 130 specimens of United States plants, 125 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Blomquist, Dr. H. L., Durham, North Carolina: 89 specimens of algae (gift). Bonner, Mrs. James, Pasadena, California: 65 specimens of Mexican plants (gift). 80 -81 Bowne, George R., Cedar Rapids, Iowa: 63 specimens of mosses (ex- change). BRANNON, Dr. M. A., Gainesville, Florida: 12 specimens of algae (gift). Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brook- lyn, New York: 28 plant specimens (exchange). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California: 257 speci- mens of United States plants (ex- change). Canal Zone Experiment Gardens, Summit, Canal Zone: 4 plant speci- mens (gift). Carlson, Walter, Chicago: 1 eco- nomic specimen (gift). Caylor, Dr. R. L., Cleveland, Mississippi: 9 specimens of algae (gift). Chandler, Albert, Kirkwood, Mis- souri: 2 specimens of Missouri plants (gift). Chapman, Dr. V. J., Cambridge, Eng- land: 80 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Charles, Wilbur, Florence Villa, Florida: 1 chart (gift). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Dr. Julian A. Steyer- mark: 11,000 specimens of Venezuelan plants. Collected by Llewelyn Williams (Field Museum-Venezuelan Govern- ment Expedition): 23 economic speci- mens. Purchases: 100 plant specimens- British West Indies; 63 plant specimens —Venezuela; 438 plant specimens- Brazil. Congdon, Mrs. Ada, Reddick, Illi- nois: 1 Illinois plant (gift). Cooper, I. C. G., Westerleigh, Staten Island, New York: 1 plant specimen (gift). Copulos, Socrates, Chicago: 2 economic specimens (gift). Cramer, Bertha, Highland Park, Illinois: 1 plant specimen (gift). Cuatrecasas, Dr. Jose, Cali, Co- lombia: 245 specimens of Colombian plants (gift). Dahlgren, Dr. B. E., Chicago: 1 Japanese cherry-bark box and tray, 2 specimens of Florida plants, 50 crypto- gamic specimens (gift). Daily, Mrs. Fay K., Indianapolis, Indiana: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Daily, William A., Indianapolis, Indiana: 3 cultures of Penicillium species (gift). Davidheiser, Bolton, Trenton, North Dakota: 5 specimens of algae (gift). Dawson, Capt. E. Y., La Jolla, Cali- fornia: 9 specimens of algae (gift). Deam, Charles C, BlufFton, Indi- ana: 9 specimens of Indiana plants (gift). Demaree, Dr. Delzie, Monticello, Arkansas: 172 specimens of algae (gift). Diddell, Mrs. W. D., Jacksonville, Florida: 3 plant specimens (gift). Doty, Dr. M. S., Evanston, Illinois: 119 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Dreyfus Company, L. A., Staten Island, New York: 1 economic specimen (gift). Drouet, Dr. Francis, Chicago: 105 specimens of algae (gift). Duke University, Department of Botany, Durham, North Carolina: 285 specimens of North Carolina grasses (exchange). Dunn, Dean Paul M., Corvallis, Oregon: 2 specimens of Oregon woods (gift). Ehrhardt, Robert P., Redmond, Washington: 24 specimens of algae (gift). Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras: 3,500 speci- mens of Honduras plants (gift). Eselmont, William H., Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Farlow Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 25 specimens of fungi (exchange). Fisher, George L., Houston, Texas: 50 plant specimens (gift). Flint, Dr. Lewis H., Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 21 specimens of algae (exchange). Forrer, Hans, River Grove, Illinois: 1 plant specimen (gift). Fulton, Mrs. H., Irons, Michigan: 1 plant specimen (gift). Funk Bros. Seed Company, Bloom- ington, Illinois: 18 specimens of inbred and hybrid corn (gift). Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts: 117 plant specimens, 31 photographic prints of type specimens of plants (exchange). Griffith Laboratories, The, Chi- cago: 28 specimens of spices (gift). Gronemann, Estate of Carl F., Elgin, Illinois: 23 specimens of plant galls (gift). 82 Harper, Dr. Roland M., Univer- sity, Alabama: 1 photographic print (gi'ft). Harvey, Mrs. Dorothy R., Curundu, Canal Zone: 1 plant speci- men (gift). Haupt, Dr. A. W.j Los Angeles, California: 2 plant specimens (gift). Heath, Charles A., Chicago: 3 publications, 3 economic specimens (gift). Hewetson, W. T., Freeport, Illinois: 11 specimens of Illinois plants (gift). Higinbotham, Dr. Noe, Notre Dame, Indiana: 15 specimens of algae (gift). Hollenberg, Dr. George J., Red- lands, California: 3 specimens of algae (gift). HOOGSTRAAL, CAPT. HARRY, South Pacific: 2 packages of Japanese ciga- rettes (gift). Hunnewell, Francis W., Wellesley, Massachusetts: 1 plant specimen (gift). Hutchinson, Dr. G. Evelyn, New Haven, Connecticut: 10 specimens of algae (gift). Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogota, Colombia: 1 plant specimen (exchange). Instituto del Museo, Universidad de La Plata, Departamento de Botanica, La Plata, Argentina: 100 specimens of Argentine plants (ex- change). Instituto Miguel Lillo, Univer- sidad de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argen- tina: 2,337 specimens of Argentine plants (exchange). Iowa State College, Department of Botany, Ames, Iowa: 145 specimens of Guatemalan plants (gift). Jackson, Dr. J. R., Auburn, Ala- bama: 2 specimens of algae (gift). Kiener, Dr. Walter, Lincoln, Nebraska: 315 specimens of algae (gift); 238 specimens of algae (ex- change). King, Lawrence J., Wooster, Ohio: 510 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Lamb, A. F. A., Belize, British Hon- duras: 31 specimens of British Hon- duras plants (gift). Le Frois, Bernard, Techny, Illi- nois: 3 specimens of fungi (gift). Leite, Prof. Jose Eugenio, Bahia, Brazil: 69 specimens of Brazilian plants (gift). Lindsey, Dr. Alton A., Albuquer- que, New Mexico: 29 specimens of algae (gift). Lockwood, Norma, Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Louderback, Harold B., Argo, Illinois: 91 specimens of algae (gift). Macbride, J. Francis, San Jose, Cal- ifornia: 6 specimens of Nevada plants, 279 cryptogamic specimens (gift). McNeill, Dr. E. M., Athens, West Virginia: 2 specimens of algae (gift). Maldonado, Prof. Angel, Lima, Peru: 1 plant specimen (gift). Martin, T/5 Louis B., San Fran- cisco, California: 44 cryptogamic speci- mens (gift). Martinez, Prof. Maximino, Mexico City, Mexico: 5 photographs, 60 speci- mens of Mexican plants (gift). Mary Ursula, Mother, Suffern, New York: 5 specimens of algae (gift). Matthews, Roy E., Coral Gables, Florida: 6 plant specimens (gift). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri: 205 plant specimens (exchange). Mitchell, Pvt. Rodger D., Chi- cago: 22 plant specimens (gift). Moore, G. E., Sullivan, Missouri: 1 plant specimen (gift). Moulton, Robert H., Glencoe, Illinois: 1 case of teosinte corn (gift). Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica: 304 specimens of Costa Rican plants (gift). Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden: 69 plant speci- mens, 63 specimens of mosses (ex- change). New York Botanical Garden, New York: 234 plant specimens, 318 cryptogamic specimens (exchange) ; 339 plant specimens (gift). Nielsen, Jens E., Chicago: 5 speci- mens of algae (gift). Northwestern University, De- partment of Botany, Evanston, Illi- nois: 10 wood specimens (gift). Oregon State College, Depart- ment of Botany, Corvallis, Oregon: 80 specimens of bryophytes (exchange). Osborn, Ben, San Angelo, Texas: 18 plant specimens (gift). Pearsall, Gordon, Chicago: 28 specimens of Illinois plants (gift). Phinney, Dr. Harry K., Evanston, Illinois: 37 specimens of algae (gift). 83 ^V Fig. 28. Garden monkshood, a plant of the buttercup family, growing wild in Europe and Asia. Recently added to the botanical exhibits in Hall 29. Pohl, Dr. Richard W., Colorado City, Texas: 33 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Prescott, Dr. G. W., Cheboygan, Michigan: 78 specimens of algae (gift). Prior, Sophia, Chicago: 75 speci- mens of Massachusetts plants (gift). Radden, Mrs. Christian F., Chi- cago: 3 plant specimens, 2 economic specimens (gift). Richards, Donald, Chicago: 1,120 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Rogers, S/Sgt. H. J., San Francisco, California: 34 specimens of algae from New Guinea (gift). Romero Castaneda, Senor Rafael, Cienago, Magdalena, Colombia: 105 specimens of Colombian plants (ex- change). Routien, Pvt. John B., Camp Bowie, Texas: 15 specimens of algae (gift). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England: 216 specimens of South American plants (exchange). Runyon, Robert, Brownsville, Texas: 250 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Schaar, B. E., Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Scharff, Grace E., Evanston, Illi- nois: 10 specimens of algae (gift). Schick-Johnson Company, Chicago: 1 specimen of plywood veneer (gift). Sella, Emil, Chicago: 14 specimens of Wisconsin plants (gift). Sharp, Dr. Aaron J., Knoxville, Tennessee: 2 plant specimens (gift). Sherff, Dr. Earl E., Chicago: 115 plant specimens, 47 photographic nega- tives (gift). Smith, Len G., Milwaukee, Wis- consin: 2 specimens of algae (gift). Soukup, Prof. J., Lima, Peru: 141 specimens of Peruvian plants (gift). Standley, Paul C, Chicago: 41 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Steyermark, Dr. Julian A., Bar- rington, Illinois: 14,000 plant speci- mens, 16 economic specimens (gift). Story, H. Elizabeth, Chicago: 4 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Story, Mrs. H. Elizabeth, Coal Run, Ohio: 2 plant specimens (gift). Swink, F. A., Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Taylor, Dr. William R., Ann Arbor Michigan: 11 specimens of algae (gift) 84 Toole, W. A., Baraboo, Wisconsin: 23 specimens of pot and medicinal herbs (gift). United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Beltsville, Maryland: 16 specimens of Colombian plants (gift). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Wash- ington, D.C.: 364 plant specimens (gift). United States National Arbore- tum, Beltsville, Maryland: 19 speci- mens of Costa Rican plants (gift). United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.: 702 plant specimens, 64 photographic prints (exchange). University of California, De- partment of Botany, Berkeley, Cali- fornia: 64 specimens of algae (gift); 510 cryptogamic specimens (exchange). University of Chicago, Depart- ment of Botany, Chicago: 890 speci- mens of cycads, 302 cryptogamic specimens (gift). University of Michigan, Depart- ment of Botany, Ann Arbor, Michi- gan: 63 specimens of Ecuadorean plants, 665 specimens of mosses (ex- change). University of Oklahoma, Depart- ment of Plant Sciences, Norman, Oklahoma: 134 specimens of Oklahoma plants (exchange). University of Texas, Depart- ment of Botany, Austin, Texas: 237 specimens of Texas plants, 23 speci- mens of algae (exchange). University of Washington, De- partment of Botany, Seattle, Wash- ington: 210 specimens of Idaho plants (exchange). Vargas, Dr. Cesar, Cuzco, Peru: 16 specimens of Peruvian plants (gift). Vatter, Lieut. Albert, Jr., Glen- view, Illinois: 2 plant specimens (gift). Voth, Dr. Paul, Chicago: 16 plant specimens, 148 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Walters, Cliff, Battle Creek, Michigan: 1 plant specimen (gift). Warfel, Dr. H. E., New Haven, Connecticut: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Wenzel, Capt. Rupert L., Chicago: 5 specimens of fungi (gift). Whitehouse, Dr. Eula, Electra, Texas: 8 photographic prints (gift). Wilde, John E., Madison, Wiscon- sin: 1 economic specimen (gift). Williams, Llewelyn, Chicago: 12 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Witokt, Mrs. Charlotte S., Frank- lin Park, Illinois: 4 specimens of fungi (gift). Wolf, Rev. W., St. Bernard, Ala- bama: 1 specimen of hybrid oak (gift). Womersley, Dr. H. B. S., Adelaide, Australia: 2 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Young, Bruce, Jr., San Francisco, California: 9 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Zeigler, Lieut. S. H., U.S.N.R., Squantum, Massachusetts: 18 plant specimens from Attu Island (gift). Department of Geology — Accessions Arpee, Levon Harris, Chicago: 8 specimens of fossil crustaceans and fossil plants — Wilmington, Illinois (gift). Bannon, Donald, Chicago: 1 speci- men of marl — Gatun, Panama Canal Zone (gift). Bruegger, C. N., Chicago: 1 speci- men of native copper — near Milwaukee, Wisconsin (gift). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Harry E. Changnon: 4 rock specimens — near Kankakee, Illi- nois. Collected by Dr. Paul O. McGrew: 2 specimens of fresh-water marl and 9 specimens of barite roses — near Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Collected by Karl P. Schmidt: 1 specimen of Ostrea — Evergreen, Vir- ginia. Collected by Llewelyn Williams (Field Museum-Venezuelan Govern- ment Botanical Expedition, 1942): 1 specimen of biotite granite with aplitic dike — Rio Atabapo, Venezuela. Purchases: collection of vertebrate fossils — Florida. Clark, Dr. Edward, Rolla, Mis- souri: 20 specimens of fossil fish — Cass- ville, Missouri (gift). 85 Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C.: 1 specimen of desert sand- Biskra, North Africa (gift). Galbreath, Ph. M. 2/c Edwin C, Springfield, Illinois: femur of C ,*•# 1 •''..'• j ". &$?&**( ... "■* j Fig. 30. Ptari-tepui, an isolated mountain in the Venezuelan savanna, recently explored by a botanical expedition of the Museum. 108 — ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Those ivho have contributed $100 to the Museum Aaron, Charles Aaron, Ely M. Abbott, Donald Putnam, Jr. Abbott, Gordon C. Abbott, W. Rufus Abbott, William L. Abeles, Mrs. Jerome G. Abrahamsen, Miss Cora Abrams, Duff A. Ackerman, Charles N. Adamick, Gustave H. Adams, Mrs. Charles S. Adams, Mrs. David T. Adams, Mrs. Frances Sprogle Adams, Miss Jane Adams, John Q. Adams, Mrs. S. H. Adams, Mrs. Samuel Adams, William C. Adamson, Henry T. Adler, David Adler, Mrs. Max Ahlschlager, Walter W. Aishton, Richard H. Alden, William T. Aldis, Graham Alexander, Mrs. Arline V. Alexander, Edward Alexander, William H. Alford, Mrs. Laura T. C. Allbright, John G. Allen, Mrs. Fred G. Allensworth, A. P. Allin, J. J. Allison, Mrs. William M. Alsip, Charles H. Alsip, Mrs. Charles H. Alter, Harry Alton, Carol W. Ames, Rev. Edward S. Andersen, Arthur Anderson, Mrs. A. W. Anderson, Mrs. Alma K. Anderson, Miss Florence Regina Andreen, Otto C. Andrews, Mrs. E. C. Andrews, Milton H. Angelopoulos, Archie Anstiss, George P. Antrim, E. M. Appelt, Mrs. Jessie E. Armbrust, John T. Armbruster, Charles A. Armour, A. Watson, III Armour, Laurance H. Armour, Philip D. Armstrong, Mrs. Julian Armstrong, Kenneth E. Arn, W. G. Arnold, Mrs. Lloyd Artingstall, Samuel G. Ascher, Fred Ashcraft, Raymond M. Ashenhurst, Harold S. Asher, Norman Aurelius, Mrs. Marcus A. Austin, E. F. Austin, Henry W. Avery, George J. Ayres, Robert B. Babb, W. E. Babson, Mrs. Gustavus Bachmann, Mrs. Harrold A. Bachmeyer, Dr. Arthur C. Back, Miss Maude F. Bacon, Dr. Alfons R. Badger, Shreve Cowles Baer, David E. Baer, Mervin K. Baer, Walter S. Bagby, John C. Baggaley, William Blair Bair, W. P. Baird, Harry K. Baker, Mrs. Alfred L. Baker, G. W. Baker, Greeley Baldwin, Vincent Curtis Balgemann, Otto W. Balkin, Louis Ball, Dr. Fred E. Ballard, Mrs. Foster K. Ballenger, A. G. Banes, W. C. Banks, Edgar C. Bannister, Miss Ruth D. Bantsolas, John N. Barber, Phil C. Barbour, James J. Bargquist, Miss Lillian D. Barkhausen, L. H. Barnes, Cecil Barnes, Mrs. Charles Osborne Barnes, Harold O. Barnhart, Mrs. A. M. Barnum, Harry H. Barr, Mrs. Alfred H. Barr, George Barrett, Mrs. Arthur M. Barrett, Mrs. Harold G. Bartelme, John'H. Barthell, Gary Bartholomae, Mrs. Emma Bartholomay, F. H. Bartholomay, Henry Bartholomay, Mrs. William, Jr. Bartlett, Frederic C. Barton, Mrs. Enos M. Basile, William B. Basta, George A. Bastian, Charles L. Bateman, Floyd L. Bates, Mrs. A. M. Bates, Joseph A. Battey, Paul L. Baum, Mrs. James E. Baum, Wilhelm Baumann, Harry P. Bausch, William C. Beach, Miss Bess K. Beach, E. Chandler Beachy, Mrs. Walter F. Beasley, Dr. Edward W. Beck, Alexander Beck von Peccoz, Baroness Martha Becker, Benjamin F. Becker, Benjamin V. Becker, Frederick G. Becker, Herman T. Becker, James H. Becker, Louis Becker, Louis L. Beckler, R. M. Beckman, Victor A. Beckman, William H. Beddoes, Hubert Behr, Mrs. Edith Beidler, Francis, II Bell, Mrs. Laird Benjamin, Jack A. Benner, Harry Bennett, S. A. Bennett, Professor J. Gardner Benson, John Benson, Mrs. Thaddeus R. Bent, John P. Bentley, Arthur Bentley, Mrs. Cyrus Benton, Miss Mabel M. Berend, George F. Berkely, Dr. J. G. Berkson, Mrs. Maurice Berry, V. D. Bersbach, Elmer S. Bertol, Miss Aurelia 109 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Bertschinger, Dr. C. F. Besly, Mrs. C. H. Bettman, Dr. Ralph B. Bichl, Thomas A. Biddle, Robert C. Biehn, Dr. J. F. Bigler, Mrs. Albert J. Biggs, Mrs. Joseph H. Billow, Miss Virginia Bird, Miss Frances Birk, Miss Amelia Birk, Frank J. Bishop, Howard P. Bishop, Mrs. Martha V. Bittel, Mrs. Frank J. Bixby, Edward Randall Blackburn, Oliver A. Blair, Mrs. M. Barbour Blair, W. McCormick Blair, Wolcott Blatchford, Carter Blatchford, Dr. Frank Wicks Blayney, Thomas C. Blecker, Mrs. Michael, Jr. Blessing, Dr. Robert Block, Joseph L. Block, Leigh B. Block, Mrs. Leigh B. Block, Philip D., Jr. Bloom, Mrs. Leopold Bloss, Mrs. Sidney M. Blum, David Blum, Harry H. Blunt, J. E., Jr. Bluthardt, Edwin Boal, Ayres Boal, Stewart Boericke, Mrs. Anna Boettcher, Arthur H. Bohasseck, Charles Bohrer, Randolph • Bolotin, Hyman Bolten, Paul H. Bondy, Berthold Boomer, Dr. Paul C. Boone, Arthur Booth, Alfred V. Booth, George E. Borg, George W. Borland, Mrs. Bruce Borowitz, David Borwell, Robert C. Bosch, Charles Bosch, Mrs. Henry Botts, Graeme G. Boulton, Mrs. Rudyerd Bousa, Dr. Bohuslav Bowen, Mrs. Louise DeKoven Bowers, Ralph E. Bowey, Mrs. Charles F. Bowman, Johnston A. Boyack, Harry Boyd, Mrs. T. Kenneth Boyden, Miss Ellen Webb Boyden, Miss Rosalie Sturges Boynton, A. J. Boynton, Frederick P. Brach, Mrs. F. V. Bradley, Mrs. A. Ballard Bradley, Charles E. Bradley, Mrs. Natalie Blair Higinbotham Brainerd, Mrs. Arthur T. Bramble, Delhi G. C. Brand, Mrs. Maude G. Brand, Mrs. Rudolf Brandt, Charles H. Bransfield, John J. Brauer, Mrs. Paul Breckinridge, Professor S. P. Bremner, Mrs. David F. Brendecke, Miss June Brenner, S. L. Brennom, Dr. Elmo F. Brennwasser, S. M. Brenza, Miss Mary Brewer, Mrs. Angeline L. Breyer, Mrs. Theodor Bridges, Arnold Briggs, Mrs. Gertrude Bristol, James T. Brock, A. J. Brodribb, Lawrence C. Brodsky, J. J. Broome, Thornhill Brostoff, Harry M. Brown, A. Wilder Brown, Mrs. Bradford Brown, Christy Brown, Mrs. Everett C. Brown, John T. Brown, Dr. Joshua M. Brown, Mark A. Brown, Scott Brown, William F. Brucker, Dr. Edward A. Bruckner, William T. Brugman, John J. Bruhn, H. C. Brundage, Avery Brunswick, Larry Brunt, J. P. Bryant, John J., Jr. Buck, Guy R. Buck, Nelson Leroy Buckley, Mrs. Warren Bucklin, Mrs. Vail R. Buddig, Carl Buehler, Mrs. Carl Buehler, H. L. Buettner, Walter J. Buffington, Mrs. Margaret A. Buhmann, Gilbert G. Bunge, Mrs. Albert J. Bunte, Mrs. Theodore W. Burbott, E. W. Burch, Clayton B. Burchmore, John S. Burdick, Mrs. Alfred S. Burgmeier, John M. Burgstreser, Newton Burgweger, Mrs. Meta Dewes Burke, Mrs. Lawrence N. Burke, Webster H. Burley, Mrs. Clarence A. Burns, Mrs. Randall W. Burry, William Bush, Mrs. William H. Butler, Burridge D. Butler, Mrs. Hermon B. Butler, John M. Butler, Paul Butz, Herbert R. Butz, Theodore C. Butzow, Mrs. Robert C. Byfield, Dr. Albert H. Byrne, Miss Margaret H. Cahn, Dr. Alvin R. Cahn, Bertram J. Cahn, Morton D. Caine, John F. Caine, Leon J. Callender, Mrs. Joseph E. Calmeyn, Frank B. Camenisch, Miss Sophia C. Cameron, Dr. Dan U. Cameron, Will J. Camp, Mrs. Arthur Royce Campbell, Delwin M. Campbell, Herbert J. Canby, Caleb H., Jr. Canman, Richard W. Capes, Lawrence R. Capps, Dr. Joseph A. Cardelli, Mrs. Giovanni Carlin, Leo J. Carmell, Daniel D. Carney, William Roy Caron, O. J. Carpenter, Mrs. Benjamin Carpenter, Mrs. Frederic Ives 110 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Carpenter, Mrs. George A. Carpenter, George Sturges Carpenter, Hubbard Carpenter, Miss Rosalie Sturges, II Carqueville, Mrs. A. R. Carr, Mrs. Clyde M. Carroll, John A. Carry, Joseph C. Carter, Mrs. Armistead B . Carton, Alfred T. Cary, Dr. Eugene Casselberry, Mrs. William Evans, Sr. Cassels, Edwin H. Castle, Alfred C. Castruccio, Giuseppe Cates, Dudley Cederlund, R. Stanley Ceding, Fredolph A. Cernoch, Frank Chandler, Henry P. Chapin, Henry Kent Chapin, William Arthur Chapman, Arthur E. Chatain, Robert N. Cheney, Dr. Henry W. Cherones, George D. Cherry, Walter L., Jr. Childs, Mrs. C. Frederick Childs, Mrs. George W. Chinlund, Miss Ruth E. Chinnock, Mrs. Ronald J. Chislett, Miss Kate E. Christensen, E. C. Christiansen, Dr. Henry Chritton, George A. Churan, Charles A. Clare, Carl P. Clark, Ainsworth W. Clark, Miss Alice Keep Clark, Charles V. Clark, Mrs. Edward S. Clark, Edwin H. Clark, Willard F. Clarke, Charles F. Clarke, Harley L. Clay, John Clemen, Dr. Rudolph A. Cleveland, Paul W. Clifford, Fred J., Jr. Clinch, Duncan L. Clithero, W. S. Clonick, Seymour E. Clough, William H. Clow, Mrs. Harry B. Clow, William E., Jr. Coath, V. W. Cochran, John L. Coffin, Fred Y. Cohen, George B. Cohen, Mrs. L. Lewis Colburn, Frederick S. Colby, Mrs. George E. Coldren, Clifton C. Cole, Sidney I. Coleman, Clarence L., Jr. Coleman, Dr. George H. Coleman, Loring W. Coleman, Marvin H. Colianni, Paul V. Collins, Beryl B. Collison, E. K. Colvin, Miss Catharine Colvin, Miss Jessie Colvin, Mrs. William H. Colwell, Clyde C. Compton, Mrs. Arthur H. Compton, D. M. Compton, Frank E. Condon, Mrs. James G. Conger, Miss Cornelia Connell, P. G. Conners, Harry Connor, Mrs. Clara A. Connor, Frank H. Cook, Miss Alice B. Cook, Mrs. David S. Cook, Jonathan Miller Cook, L. Charles Cook, Louis T. Cook, Thomas H. Cooke, Charles E. Cooke, Miss Flora Cooke, Leslie L. Cooley, Gordon A. Coolidge, Miss Alice Coolidge, E. Channing Coolidge, Dr. Edgar D. Coombs, James F. Coonley, John Stuart Coonley, Prentiss L. Cooper, Samuel Copland, David Corbett, Mrs. William J. Cornell, Dr. Edward L. Cornell, Mrs. John E. Cosford, Thomas H. Coston, James E. Cowan, Mrs. Grace L. Cox, James A. Cox, James C. Cox, William D. Coyle, C. H. Cragg, Mrs. George L. Crane, Charles R., II Crego, Mrs. Dominica S. Crerar, Mrs. John Crilly, Edgar Cromer, Clarence E. Cromwell, Miss Juliette Clara Cubbins, Dr. William R. Cudahy, Edward I. Cummings, Mrs. D. Mark Cummings, Mrs. Frances S. Cuneo, John F. Curran, Harry R. Curtis, Austin Guthrie, Jr. Curtis, Mrs. Charles S. Cusack, Harold Cushman, Barney Cutler, Henry E. Cuttle, Harold E. Daemicke, Mrs. Irwin Paul Dahlberg, Bror G. Daily, Richard Daley, Harry C. Dalmar, Mrs. Hugo Dalmar, Hugo, Jr. Dammann, J. F. Danforth, Dr. William C. Dangel, W. H. Danielson, Philip A. Danne, William C, Jr. Dantzig, Leonard P. D'Aquila, George Darbo, Howard H. Darrow, Paul E. Dashiell, C. R. Daughaday, C. Colton Davey, Mrs. Bruce E. David, Dr. Vernon C. Davidonis, Dr. Alexander L. Davidson, David W. Davidson, Miss Mary E. Davies, Marshall Davis, Arthur Davis, C. S. Davis, Dr. Carl B. Davis, Don L. Davis, Frank S. Davis, Dr. Loyal Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Ill Deahl, Uriah S. Dean, Samuel Edward Deane, Mrs. Ruthven Decker, Charles O. DeCosta, Lewis M. deDardel, Carl O. Dee, Thomas J. Degen, David DeGolyer, Robert S. deKoven, Mrs. John DeLemon, H. R. Delph, Dr. John F. Demaree, H. S. Ill ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Deming, Everett G. Dempster, Mrs. Charles W. Deneen, Mrs. Charles S. Denison, Mrs. John Porter Denkewalter, W. E. Denman, Mrs. Burt J. Dennehy, Thomas C, Jr. Denney, Ellis H. Deslsles, Mrs. Carrie L. Deutsch, Mrs. Percy L. DeVries, David DeVries, Peter Dick, Edison Dick, Elmer J. Dick, Mrs. Homer T. Dickey, Roy Dickinson, F. R. Dickinson, Robert B. Dickinson, Mrs. Thompson Diehl, Harry L. Diestel, Mrs. Herman Dimick, Miss Elizabeth Dimmer, Miss Elizabeth G. Dixon, George W., Jr. Dixon, Mrs. William Warren Doctor, Isidor Dodge, Mrs. Paul C. Doering, Otto C. Doetsch, Miss Anna Dole, Arthur Dolese, Mrs. John Donker, Mrs. William Donlon, Mrs. Stephen E. Donnelley, Gaylord Donnelley, Mrs. H. P. Donnelley, Miss Naomi Donohue, Edgar T. Donohue, William F. Dornbusch, Charles H. Dorocke, Joseph, Jr. Dorschel, Q. P. Douglas, James H., Jr. Douglass, Kingman Douglass, Mrs. W. A. Dreutzer, Carl Dreyfus, Mrs. Moise Dryden, Mrs. George B. Dubbs, C. P. DuBois, Laurence M. Dudley, Laurence H. Dulany, George W., Jr. Dulsky, Mrs. Samuel Dunbaugh, Harry J. Duncan, Albert G. Duner, Joseph A. Dunham, Miss Lucy Belle Dunham, Robert J. Dunlop, Mrs. Simpson Dunn, Samuel O. Dupee, Mrs. F. Kennett Durand, Mrs. N. E. Durbin, Fletcher M. Easterberg, C. J. Eastman, Mrs. George H. Eaton, J. Frank Ebeling, Frederic O. Eckhart, Percy B. Eckstein, Mrs. Louis Eddy, Thomas H. Edwards, Miss Edith E. Edwards, Kenneth P. Egan, William B. Egloff, Dr. Gustav Ehrman, Edwin H. Eichengreen, Edmund K. Eiseman, Fred R. Eisendrath, Edwin W. Eisendrath, Miss Elsa B. Eisendrath, Robert M. Eisendrath, William B. Eisenschiml, Mrs. Otto Eisenstaedt, Harry Eisenstein, Sol Eitel, Karl Eitel, Max Elenbogen, Herman Elich, Robert William Ellbogen, Miss Celia Elliott, Dr. Clinton A. Elliott, Frank R. Ellis, Howard Elting, Howard Embree, J. W., Jr. Emery, Edward W. Engberg, Miss Ruth M. Engel, E. J. Engel, Miss Henrietta Engstrom, Harold Erdmann, Mrs. C. Pardee Erickson, Donovan Y. Ericson, Mrs. Chester F. Ericsson, Clarence Ericsson, Dewey A. Ericsson, Henry Ericsson, Walter H. Ernst, Mrs. Leo Erskine, Albert DeWolf Etten, Henry C. Evans, Miss Anna B. Evans, Mrs. David Evans, David J. Evans, Eliot H. Evans, Evan A. Fabian, Francis G. Fabrice, Edward H. Fabry, Herman Fackt, Mrs. George P. Fader, A. L. Faget, James E. Faherty, Roger Faithorn, Walter E. Falk, Miss Amy Fallon, Dr. W. Raymond Falls, Dr. A. G. Farnham, Mrs. Harry J. Farrell, Mrs. B. J. Faulkner, Charles J., Jr. Faulkner, Miss Elizabeth Faurot, Henry Faurot, Henry, Jr. Fecke, Mrs. Frank J. Feiwell, Morris E. Felix, Benjamin B. Fellows, William K. Felsenthal, Edward George Feltman, Charles H. Fennekohl, Mrs. Arthur C. Fergus, Robert C. Fernald, Robert W. Ferry, Mrs. Frank F. Fetzer, Wade Filkins, A. J. Findlay, Mrs. Roderick Fineman, Oscar Finley, Max H. Finnegan, Richard J. Finnerud, Dr. Clark W. Fischel, Frederic A. Fish, Mrs. Helen S._ Fishbein, Dr. Morris Fisher, Mrs. Edward Metcalf Fisher, George F. Fisher, Harry M. Fisk, Mrs. Burnham M. Fitzpatrick, Mrs. John A. Flavin, Edwin F. Fleming, Mrs. Joseph B. Flood, Walter H. Florsheim, Harold M. Florsheim, Irving S. Florsheim, Mrs. Milton S. Folonie, Mrs. Robert J. Folsom, Mrs. Richard S. Folsom, Mrs. William R. Foote, Mrs. Harley T. Forch, Mrs. John L., Jr. Ford, Mrs. Willis Roland Foreman, Mrs. Alfred K. Foreman, Mrs. E. G. Foreman, Edwin G., Jr. Foreman, Harold E. Forgan, James B., Jr. 112 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Forgan, Mrs. J. Russell Forgan, Robert D. Forman, Charles Forstall, James J. Fortune, Miss Joanna Foster, Mrs. Charles K. Foster, Volney Foute, Albert J. Fox, Charles E. Fox, Jacob Logan Fox, Dr. Paul C. Frank, Arthur A. Frank, Mrs. Joseph K. Frankenstein, William B. Frankenthal, Dr. Lester E., Jr. Frazer, Mrs. George E. Freedman, Dr. I. Val Freeman, Charles Y. Freiler, Abraham J. French, Dudley K. Frenier, A. B. Freudenthal, G. S. Frey, Charles Daniel Freyn, Henry J. Fridstein, Meyer Friedlich, Mrs. Herbert Friend, Mrs. Henry K. Friestedt, Arthur A. Frost, Mrs. Charles Sumner Fuller, Mrs. Gretta Patterson Fuller, J. E. Fuller, Judson M. Furry, William S. Gabathuler, Miss Juanita Gabriel, Adam Gaertner, William Gale, G. Whittier Gall, Charles H. Gall, Harry T. Gallagher, Mrs. John J. Gallup, Rockwell L. Gait, Mrs. A. T. Gamble, D. E. Gansbergen, Mrs. Maude M. Garcia, Jose Garden, Hugh M. G. Gardiner, Mrs. John L. Gardner, Addison L. Gardner, Addison L., Jr. Gardner, Henry A. Gardner, Mrs. James P. Garen, Joseph F. Garnett, Joseph B. Garrison, Dr. Lester E. Gates, Mrs. L. F. Gawne, Miss Clara V. Gay, Rev. A. Royal Gaylord, Duane W. Gear, H. B. Gehl, Dr. W. H. Gehrmann, Felix Geiger, Alfred B. Geiling, Dr. E. M. K. Gellert, Donald N. Gentry, Veit Gentz, Miss Margaret Nina George, Mrs. Albert B. Georgs, Fred W. Gerber, Max Gerding, R. W. Gerngross, Mrs. Leo Gettelman, Mrs. Sidney H. Getz, Mrs. James R. Getzoff, E. B. Gibbs, Richard F. Gibbs, Dr. William W. Gibson, Dr. Stanley Gidwitz, Alan K. Giffey, Miss Hertha Gifford, Mrs. Frederick C. Gilbert, Miss Clara C. Gilchrist, Mrs. John F. Gilchrist, Mrs. William Albert Giles, Carl C. Giles, Mrs. Guy H. Gillette, Mrs. Ellen D. Gimbel, J. W., Jr. Ginther, Miss Minnie C. Girard, Mrs. Anna Glaescher, Mrs. G. W. Glasner, Rudolph W. Godehn, Paul M. Goedke, Charles F. Goehst, Mrs. John Henry Goes, Mrs. Arthur A. Golden, Dr. Isaac J. K. Goldenberg, Sidney D. Goldfine.Dr.AscherH.C. Golding, Robert N. Goldman, Mrs. Louis Goldsmith, Mitchel Goldstein, Dr. Helen L. Button Goldstein, Nathan S. Goldstine, Dr. Mark T. Goldy, Walter I. Goltra, Mrs. William B. Goode, Mrs. Rowland T. Gooden, G. E. Goodman, Benedict K. Goodman, Mrs. Milton F. Goodman, W. J. Goodman, William E. Goodwin, Clarence Norton Goodwin, George S. Gordon, Miss Bertha F. Gordon, Harold J. Gordon, Dr. Richard J. Gordon, Mrs. Robert D. Gorrell, Mrs. Warren Gottlieb, Frederick M. Gould, Jay Grade, Joseph Y. Gradle, Dr. Harry S. Graf, Robert J. Graff, Oscar C. Graham, Douglas Graham, E. V. Graham, Miss Margaret H. Gramm, Mrs. Helen Granger, Mrs. Everett J. Grant, James D. Grant, John G. Graves, Howard B. Grawoig, Allen Gray, Dr. Earle Gray, Edward Green, Robert D. Greenacre, Miss Cordelia Ann Greenburg, Dr. Ira E. Greene, Henry E. Greenebaum, M. E., Jr. Greenlee, Mrs. William Brooks Greenman, Mrs. Earl C. Gregory, Mrs. Robert B. Gregory, Stephen S., Jr. Gregory, Tappan Gressens, Otto Grey, Charles F. Grey, Dr. Dorothy Griest, Mrs. Marianna L. Griffenhagen, Mrs. Edwin O. Griffith, Mrs. Carroll L. Griffith, E. L. Griffith, Mrs. William Griffiths, George W. Griswold, Harold T. Grizzard, James A. Gronkowski, Rev. C. I. Groot, Cornelius J. Groot, Lawrence A. Gross, Henry R. Grossman, Frank I. Grotenhuis, Mrs. William J. Grotowski, Mrs. Leon Gruhn, Alvah V. Grulee, Lowry K. Grunow, Mrs. William C. Guenzel, Louis Guest, Ward E. Gunthorp, Walter J. -113 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Gurley, Miss Helen K. Gurman, Samuel P. Guthman, Edwin I. Gwinn, William R. Haas, Maurice Hadley, Mrs. Edwin M. Haffner, Mrs. Charles C, Jr. Hagen, Mrs. Daise Hagen, Fred J. Hagens, Dr. Garrett J. Hagner, Fred L. Haight, George I. Hair, T. R. Hajicek, Rudolph F. Haldeman, Walter S. Hale, Mrs. Samuel Hales, William M. Hall, Edward B. Hall, Mrs. J. B. Hallmann, Herman F. Halperin, Aaron Hamill, Mrs. Ernest A. Hamm, Fred B. Hammerschmidt, Mrs. George F. Hammond, Thomas S. Hand, George W. Hanley, Henry L. Hann, J. Roberts Hansen, Mrs. Carl Hansen, Jacob W. Hanson, Mrs. Norman R. Harder, John H. Harders, Mrs. Flora Rassweiler Hardie, George F. Hardin, John H. Harding, John Cowden Harding, Richard T. Harms, Van Deursen Harper, Alfred C. Harrington, David L. Harris, Mrs. Abraham Harris, David J. Harris, Gordon L. Harris, Hayden B. Hart, Mrs. Herbert L. Hart, Max A. Hart, William M. Hartmann, A. O. Hartshorn, Kenneth L. Hartwig, Otto J. Hartz, W. Homer Harvey, Byron, III Harvey, Richard M. Harwood, Thomas W. Haskell, Mrs. George E. Haskins, Raymond G. Hass, G. C. Hay, Mrs. William Sherman Hayes, Charles M. Hayes, Harold C. Hayes, Miss Mary E. Haynie, Miss Rachel W. Hays, Mrs. Arthur A. Hayslett, Arthur J. Hazlett, Dr. William H. Hazlett, Mrs. William H. Healy, Vincent Jerrems Heaney, Dr. N. Sproat Heaton, Harry E. Heaton, Herman C. Heck, John Hedberg, Henry E. Heffernan, Miss Lily Heide, John H., Jr. Heiman, Marcus Heine, Mrs. Albert Heinzelman, Karl Heinzen, Mrs. Carl Heisler, Francis Hejna, Joseph F. Heldmaier, Miss Marie Helfrich, J. Howard Heller, Albert Heller, John A. Heller, Mrs. Walter E. Hellman, George A. Hellyer, Walter Hemple, Miss Anne C. Henderson, Thomas B. G. Henkel, Frederick W. Henley, Dr. Eugene H. Hennings, Mrs. Abraham J. Henry, Huntington B. Henry, Otto Henschel, Edmund C. Henshaw, Mrs. Raymond S. Herrick, Charles E. Herrick, Miss Louise Herron, James C. Herron, Mrs. Ollie L. Hershey, J. Clarence Hertz, Mrs. Fred Hertzberg, Lawrence Herwig, George Herwig, William D., Jr. Herz, Mrs. Alfred Heun, Arthur Heverly, Earl L. Hibbard, Mrs. Angus S. Hibbard, Mrs. W. G. Higgins, John Higinbotham, Harlow D. Higley, Mrs. Charles W. Hildebrand, Dr. Eugene, Jr. Hildebrand, Grant M. Hill, Mrs. E. M. Hill, Mrs. Russell D. Hill, William C. Hill, William E. Hille, Dr. Hermann Hillebrecht, Herbert E. Hills, Edward R. Himrod, Mrs. Frank W. Hind, Mrs. John Dwight Hinkle, Ross O. Hinman, Mrs. Estelle S. Hinrichs, Henry, Jr. Hinsberg, Stanley K. Hirsch, Jacob H. Histed, J. Roland Hixon, Mrs. Frank P. Hodgkinson, Mrs. W. R. Hoffmann, Edward Hempstead Hogan, Robert E. Hokin, Mrs. Barney E. Holabird, W. S., Jr. Holden, Edward A. Holland, Dr. William E. Holliday, W. J. Hollingsworth, R. G. Hollis, Henry L. Hollister, Francis H. Holmburger, Max Holmes, George J. Holmes, Miss Harriet F. Holmes, J. A. Holmes, Mrs. Maud G. Holmes, William Holmes, William N. Holt, Miss Ellen Holub, Anthony S. Homan, Miss Blossom L. Honsik, Mrs. James M. Hoover, Mrs. Fred W. Hoover, H. Earl Hoover, Ray P. Hope, Alfred S. Hopkins, Mrs. James M. Hopkins, Mrs. James M., Jr. Horcher, William W. Home, Mrs. William Dodge, Jr. Horner, Dr. David A. Horner, Mrs. Maurice L., Jr. Hornung, Joseph J. Horst, Curt A. Horton, Hiram T. Horton, Horace B. Horween, Arnold Hosbein, Louis H. Hottinger, Adolph Howard, Willis G. Howe, Clinton W. 114 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Howe, Mrs. Pierce Lyman Howe, Ralph B. Howe, Warren D. Howe, William G. Howell, Albert S. Howell, William Howes, Mrs. Frank W. Howie, Mrs. James E. Howse, Richard G. Hoyne, Miss Susan D. Hoyne, Thomas Temple Hovt, Mrs. Phelps B. Hraback, L. W. Hubbard, George W. Huber, Dr. Harry Lee Hudson, Miss Katherine J. Hudson, Walter L. Huey, Mrs. A. S. Hufty, Mrs. F. P. Huggins, Dr. Ben H. Hughes, John E. Hughes, John W. Hume, John T. Humphrey, H. K. Huncke, Herbert S. Huncke, Oswald W. Hunding, B. N. Hurd, Ferris E. Hurley, Edward N., Jr. Huska, Mrs. Joseph Hust, George Huston, Ward T. Huszagh, R. LeRoy Huszagh, Ralph D. Hutchinson, Foye P. Hutchinson, Samuel S. Hyatt, R. C. Ickes, Raymond Idelman, Bernard Ilg, Robert A. Illich, George M., Jr. Ingalls, Allin K. Inlander, Samuel Irons, Dr. Ernest E. Isaacs, Charles W., Jr. Isham, Henry P. Ives, Clifford E. Jackson, Allan Jackson, Archer L. Jackson, Mrs. Arthur S. Jackson, Miss Laura E. Jackson, Mrs. W. A. Jacobi, Miss Emily C. Jacobs, Hyman A. Jacobs, Julius Jacobs, Whipple Jacobson, Raphael Jaffray, Mrs. David S. James, Walter C. Jameson, Clarence W. Janson, Dr. C. Helge M. Janusch, Fred W. Jarchow, Mrs. C. E. Jarchow, Charles C. Jeffreys, Mrs. Mary M. Jeffries, Dr. Daniel W. Jeffries, F. L. Jenkins, David F. D. Jenkins, Mrs. John E. Jenkinson, Mrs. Arthur Gilbert Jennings, Ode D. Jennings, Mrs. Rosa V. Jerger, Wilbur Joseph Fig. 31. Pottery jar (ca. 3500 B.C.), from Tepe Giyan, Iran. Decorated with stylized figures of birds with two heads and wavy lines in molded relief. Such bird figures are known as "bird combs." This jar is one of a unique collection of archaeological objects se- cured in Iran by Dr. Ernst Herzfeld and recently pur- chased by the Museum. — 115 — ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Jetzinger, David Jirka, Dr. Frank J. Jirka, Dr. Robert H. John, Dr. Findley D. Johnson, Dr. Adelaide Johnson, Alvin O. Johnson, Arthur L. Johnson, Mrs. Harley Alden Johnson, Joseph M. Johnson, Nels E. Johnson, Mrs. O. W. Johnson, Olaf B. Johnson, Philip C. Johnston, Edward R. Johnston, Miss Fannie S. Johnston, Mrs. Hubert McBean Johnston, Mrs. M. L. Jones, Albert G. Jones, Mrs. C. A. Jones, James B. Jones, Dr. Margaret M. Jones, Melvin Jones, Miss Susan E. Joseph, Mrs. Jacob G. Joseph, Louis L. Joy, Guy A. Joyce, Joseph Judson, Clay Juergens, H. Paul Julien, Victor R. Junckunc, Stephen Kaercher, A. W. Kahn, J. Kesner Kahn, Jerome J. Kahn, Louis Kaine, James B. Kamins, Dr. Maclyn M. Kane, Jerome M. Kanter, Jerome J. Kaplan, Morris I. Kaplan, Nathan D. Karcher, Mrs. Leonard D. Karpen, Michael Kasch, Frederick M. Katz, Mrs. Sidney L. Katz, Solomon Katzenstein, Mrs. George P. Katzin, Frank Kauffman, Mrs. R. K. Kauffmann, Alfred Kaufmann, Dr. Gustav L. Kavanagh, Clarence H. Kay, Mrs. Marie E. Keefe, Mrs. George I. Keehn, George W. Keeney, Albert F. Kehl, Robert Joseph Keith, Stanley Keith, Mrs. Stanley Kelker, Rudolph F., Jr. Kellogg, John L. Kelly, Mrs. Haven Core Kelly, Miss Katherine Marjorie Kelly, William J. Kemper, Hathaway G. Kemper, Miss Hilda M. Kempner, Harry B. Kempner, Stan Kendall, Mrs. Virginia H. Kendrick, John F. Kennedy, Mrs. E. J. Kennedy, Lesley Kennelly, Martin H. Kenney, Clarence B. Kent, Dr. O. B. Keogh, Gordon E. Kern, Mrs. August Kern, H. A. Kern, Trude Kerwin, Edward M. Kesner, Jacob L. Kestnbaum, Meyer Kettering, Mrs. Eugene W. Kiessling, Mrs. Charles S. Kile, Miss Jessie J. Kimball, William W. Kimbark, John R. King, Clinton B. King, Joseph H. Kingman, Mrs. Arthur G. Kinsey, Robert S. Kintzel, Richard Kirkland, Mrs. Weymouth Kitchell, Howell W. Kittredge, R. J. Kitzelman, Otto Klein, Henry A. Klein, Mrs. Samuel Kleinpell, Dr. Henry H. Kleist, Mrs. Harry Kleppinger, William H. Kleutgen, Dr. Arthur C. Klinetop, Mrs. Charles W. Knickerbocker, Miss Paula Knopf, Andrew J. Knott, Mrs. Stephen R. Knox, Harry S. Knutson, George H. Koch, Mrs. Fred J. Koch, Raymond J. Kochs, August Kochs, Mrs. Robert T. Kohl, Mrs. Caroline L. Kohler, Eric L. Kohlsaat, Edward C. Komiss, David S. Konsberg, Alvin V. Kopf, Miss Isabel Koppenaal, Dr. Eliza- beth Thompson Kosobud, William F. Kotal, John A. Kotin, George N. Koucky, Dr. J. D. Kovac, Stefan Kraber, Mrs. Fredericka Kraft, C. H. Kraft, James L. Kraft, John H. Kraft, Norman Kralovec, Emil G. Kralovec, Mrs. Otto J. Kramer, Leroy Kraus, Peter J. Kraus, Samuel B. Kreidler, D. C. Kresl, Carl Kretschmer, Dr. Herman L. Kretschmer, Herman L., Jr. Kropff, C. G. Krost, Dr. Gerard N. Krutckoff, Charles Kuehn, A. L. Kuh, Mrs. Edwin J., Jr. Kuhl, Harry J. Kuhn, Frederick T. Kuhn, Dr. Hedwig S. Kunka, Bernard J. Kunstadter, Albert Kunstadter, Sigmund W. Kurfess, John Fredric Kurtz, W. O. Kurtzon, Morris Lacey, Miss Edith M. LaChance, Mrs. Leander H. Laflin, Mrs. Louis E. Laflin, Louis E., Jr. Lambert, C. A. Lampert, Wilson W. Lanahan, Mrs. M. J. Landry, Alvar A. Lane, F. Howard Lane, Ray E. Lane, Wallace R. Lang, Edward J. Lange, Mrs. August Langenbach.Mrs.AliceR. Langhorne, George Tayloe Langworthy, Benjamin Franklin Lanman, E. B. Lansinger, Mrs. John M. 116 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Larimer, Howard S. Larsen, Samuel A. Larson, Mrs. Sarah Lashley, Mrs. Karl S. Lasker, Albert D. Lassers, Sanford Lau, Max Lauren, Newton B. Lauter, Mrs. Vera Lautmann, Herbert M. Lavezzorio, Mrs. J. B. Lavidge, Arthur W. Law, Mrs. Robert O. Lawless, Dr. Theodore K. Lawson, David A. Lax, John Franklin Layden, Michael J. Laylander, O. J. Lazear, George C. Leahy, James F. Leahy, Thomas F. Leavell, James R. Leavens, Theodore LeBaron, Miss Edna Lebold, Foreman N. Lebold, Samuel N. Lebolt, John Michael Lederer, Dr. Francis L. Lee, David Arthur Lee, Mrs. John H. S. Lefens, Miss Katherine J. Lefens, Walter C. Leichenko, Peter M. Leight, Mrs. Albert E. Leland, Miss Alice J. Leland, Mrs. Roscoe G. LeMoon, A. R. Lennon, George W. Lenz, J. Mayo Leonard, Arthur G. Leonard, Arthur T. Leslie, Dr. Eleanor I. Leslie, John Woodworth LeTourneau, Mrs. Robert Letts, Mrs. Frank C. Leverone, Louis E. Le vinson, Mrs. Salmon O. Levis, Mrs. Albert Cotter Levitan, Benjamin Levitetz, Nathan Levy, Alexander M. Levy, Arthur G. Lewis, Mrs. Ellis R. Lewy, Dr. Alfred L'Hommedieu, Arthur Liebman, A. J. Ligman, Rev. Thaddeus Lillie, Frank R. Lindahl, Mrs. Edward J. Linden, John A. Lindheimer, B. F. Lingle, Bowman C. Lipman, Robert R. Liss, Samuel Little, Mrs. E. H. Littler, Harry E., Jr. Livingston, Julian M. Livingston, Mrs. Milton L. Llewellyn, Paul Lloyd, William Bross Lobdell, Mrs. Edwin L. Lochman, Philip Lockwood, W. S. Loeb, Mrs. A. H. Loeb, Hamilton M. Loeb, Leo A. Loewenberg, Israel S. Loewenberg, M. L. Loewenherz, Emanuel Loewenstein, Sidney Loewenthal, Richard J. Logan, L. B. Long, William E. Lord, Arthur R. Lord, John S. Lord, Mrs. Russell Loucks, Charles O. Louer, Albert E. M. Louis, Mrs. John J. Love, Chase W. Lovell, William H. Lovgren, Carl Lucey, Patrick J. Ludington, Nelson J. Ludolph, Wilbur M. Lueder, Arthur C. Luria, Herbert A. Lurie, H. J. Lusk, R. R. Lustgarten, Samuel Lyford, Harry B. Lynch, William Joseph Lyon, Charles H. Maass, J. Edward MacDonald, E. K. Macfarland, Mrs. Henry J. MacKenzie, William J. Mackey, Frank J. Mackinson, Dr. John C. MacLeish, Mrs. Andrew MacLellan, K. F. MacMullen, Dr. Delia M. MacMurray, Mrs. Donald Madlener, Mrs. Albert F., Jr. Madlener, Otto Magan, Miss Jane A. Magerstadt, Madeline Magill, John R. Magnus, Albert, Jr. Magnuson, Mrs. Paul Maher, Mrs. D. W. Main, Walter D. Majors, Mrs. B. S. Maling, Albert Malone, William H. Manaster, Harry Mandel, Mrs. Aaron W. Mandel, Edwin F. Mandel, Miss Florence Mandel, Mrs. Robert Manegold, Mrs.Frank W. Manierre, Francis E. Manierre, Louis Manley, John A. Mann, Albert C. Mann, John P. Mark, Mrs. Cyrus Marks, Arnold K. Marquart, Arthur A. Marsh, A. Fletcher Marsh, John McWilliams, II Marsh, Mrs. John P. Marsh, Mrs. Marshall S. Marston, Mrs. Thomas B. Martin, Mrs. George B. Martin, George F. Martin, Samuel H. Martin, W. B. Martin, Wells Martin, Mrs. William P. Marwick, Maurice Marx, Frederick Z. Marzluff, Frank W. Marzola, Leo A. Mason, Willard J. Massee, B. A. Massena, Roy Massey, Peter J. Masterson, Peter Mathesius, Mrs. Walther Matson, J. Edward Matter, Mrs. John Maurer, Dr. Siegfried Maxant, Basil Maxwell, Lloyd R. Mayer, Frank D. Mayer, Mrs. Herbert G. Mayer, Herman J., Jr. Mayer, Isaac H. Mayer, Oscar F. Mayer, Oscar G. Mayer, Theodore S. McAllister, Sydney G. McAloon, Owen J. McArthur, Billings M. McAuley, John E. McBirney, Mrs. Hugh J. McCahey, James B. McCarthy, Edmond J. 117 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) McCarthy, Joseph W. McCausland, Mrs. Clara L McCloud, Walter S. McClun, John M. McCord, Downer McCormack, Professor Harry McCormick, Mrs. Chauncey McCormick, Fowler McCormick, Howard H. McCormick, Leander J. McCormick, Robert H., Jr. McCrea, Mrs. W. S. McCready, Mrs. E. W. McCreight, Louis Ralph McDonald, E. F., Jr. McDonald, Lewis McDougal,Mrs. JamesB. McDougal, Mrs. Robert McDougall, Mrs. Arthur R. McErlean, Charles V. McGraw, Max McGuinn, Edward B. McGurn, Mathew S. Mcintosh, Arthur T. Mcintosh, Mrs. Walter G. McKenna, Dr. Charles H. McKinney, Mrs. Hayes McMenemy, Logan T. McMillan, James G. McMillan, John McMillan, W. B. McMillan, William M. McNamara, Louis G. McNamee, Peter F. McNulty, Joseph D. McQuarrie, Mrs. Fannie McVoy, John M. Mead, Dr. Henry C. A. Medsker, Dr. Ora L. Melcher, George Clinch Melendy, Dr. R. A. Melnick, Leopold B. Merrell, John H. Merriam, Miss Eleanor Merrill, William W. Metz, Dr. A. R. Meyer, Mrs. A. H. Meyer, Abraham W. Meyer, Dr. Charles A. Meyer, Charles Z. Meyer, Sam R. Meyers, Erwin A. Meyers, Jonas Michaels, Everett B. Michel, Dr. William J. Midowicz, C. E. Mielenz, Robert K. Milburn, Miss Anne L. Milhening, Frank Miller, Miss Bertie E. Miller, Mrs. Clayton W. Miller, Mrs. Donald J. Miller, Mrs. F. H. Miller, Hyman Miller, John S. Miller, Mrs. Olive Beaupre Miller, Oscar C. Miller, Mrs. Phillip Miller, R. T. Mills, Allen G. Miner, Dr. Carl S. Miner, H. J. Minturn, Benjamin E. Mitchell, George F. Mitchell, John J. Mitchell, Leeds Mitchell, Oliver Mix, Dr. B. J. Mock, Dr. Harry Edgar Moderwell, Charles M. Moeling, Mrs. Walter G. Moeller, George Moeller, Rev. Herman H. Moist, Mrs. Samuel E. Mojonnier, Timothy Mollan, Mrs. Feme T. Molloy, David J. Monheimer, Henry I. Monroe, William S. Montgomery, Dr. Albert H. Moore, C. B. Moore, Paul Moore, Philip Wyatt Moos, Joseph B. Moran, Brian T. Moran, Miss Margaret Morey, Charles W. Morf, F. William Morgan, Alden K. Morris, Mrs. Seymour Morrison, Mrs. C. R. Morrison, Mrs. Harry Morrison, James C. Morrison, Matthew A. Morrisson, James W. Morse, Mrs. Charles J. Morse, Leland R. Morse, Mrs. Milton Morse, Robert H. Morton, Sterling Morton, William Morris Moses, Howard A. Moss, Jerome A. Mouat, Andrew J. Mowry, Louis C. Moyer, Mrs. Paul S. Mudge, Mrs. John B. Muehlstein, Mrs. Charles Mueller, Austin M. Mueller, Miss Hedwig H. Mueller, J. Herbert Mueller, Paul H. Mulford, Miss Melinda Jane Mulhern, Edward F. Mulholand, William H. Mulligan, George F. Munroe, Moray Murphy, Mrs. Helen C. Murphy, Joseph D. Murphy, Robert E. Musselman, Dr. George H. Muszynski, John J. Naber, Henry G. Nadler, Dr. Walter H. Naess, Sigurd E. Nahigian, Sarkis H. Nance, Willis D. Nast, Mrs. A. D. Nathan, Claude Naumann, Miss Susan Nebel, Herman C. Neely, Mrs. Lloyd F. Nehls, Arthur L. Nellegar, Mrs. Jay C. Nelson, Arthur W. Nelson, Charles G. Nelson, Donald M. Nelson, N. J. Nelson, Victor W. Netcher, Mrs. Charles Neu, Clarence L. Neuffer, Paul A. Neuman, Sidney Neumann, Arthur E. Newhall, R. Frank Newhouse, Karl H. Newman, Mrs. Albert A. Newman, Charles H. Nichols, Mrs. George R. Nichols, Mrs. George R., Jr. Nichols, J. C. Nichols, S. F. Nicholson, Thomas G. Nilsson, Mrs. Goodwin M. Nishkian, Mrs. Vaughn G. Nitze, Mrs. William A. Noble, Samuel R. Nollau, Miss Emma Noonan, Edward J. Norcott, Mrs. Ernest J. Norman, Harold W. Norris, Mrs. Lester -118 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Norton, R. H. Novak, Charles J. Noyes, A. H. Noyes, Allan S. Noyes, David A. Noyes, Mrs. May Wells Nufer, Eugene Nusbaum, Mrs. Hermien D. Nyman, Dr. John Egbert Oates, James F. Oberfelder, Herbert M. Oberfelder, Walter S. Obermaier, John A. O'Brien, Frank J. O'Brien, Miss Janet O'Connell, Edmund Daniel Odell, William R. Odell, William R., Jr. Off, Mrs. Clifford OfReld, James R. Oglesbee, Nathan H. O'Keefe, Mrs. Dennis D. O'Keeffe, William F. Olcott, Mrs. Henry C. Oldberg, Dr. Eric Oldefest, Edward G. Oleson, Wrisley B. O'Leary, John W. Oliver, Mrs. Paul Olsen, Miss Agnes J. Olsen, Mrs. Arthur O. Olson, Gustaf Olson, Rudolph J. Ooms, Casper William Oppenheimer, Alfred Oppenheimer, Mrs. Harry D. Orndoff, Dr. Benjamin H. O'Rourke, Albert Orr, Mrs. Robert C. Orr, Thomas C. Orthal, A. J. Ortmayer, Dr. Marie Osborn, Mrs. Gertrude L. Osborn, Theodore L. Osgood, Mrs. Cornelius Ostrom, Mrs. J. Augustus Otis, J. Sanford Otis, Joseph E. Otis, Joseph Edward, Jr. Otis, Ralph C. Otis, Stuart Huntington Owings, Mrs. Nathaniel A. Paasche, Jens A. Packard, Dr. Rollo K. Paepcke, Walter P. Palmer, James L. Palmgren, Mrs. Charles A. Pam, Miss Carrie Pardee, Harvey Pardridge, Albert J. Pardridge, Mrs. E. W. Park, R. E. Parker, Frank B. Parker, Dr. Gaston C. Parker, Norman S. Parker, Troy L. Parks, C. R. Parmelee, Dr. A. H. Partridge, Lloyd C. Paschen, Mrs. Henry Pashkow, A. D. Patterson, Grier D. Patterson, Mrs. L. B. Patterson, Mrs. Wallace Peabody, Mrs. Francis S. Peabody, Howard B. Peabody, Miss Susan W. Peacock, Walter C. Pearl, Allen S. Pearse, Langdon Pearson, F. W. Pearson, George Albert, Jr. Peck, Dr. David B. Peel, Richard H. Peet, Mrs. Belle G. Peirce, Albert E. Pelley, John J. PenDell, Charles W. Percy, Dr. Mortimer Nelson Perkins, A. T. Perkins, Mrs. Herbert F. Perry, Dr. Ethel B. Perry, Mrs. I. Newton Peter, William F. Peters, Harry A. Petersen, Jurgen Petersen, Dr. William F. Peterson, Albert Peterson, Alexander B. Peterson, Arthur J. Peterson, Axel A. Peterson, Mrs. Bertha I. Peterson, Mrs. Richard E. Pfaelzer, Miss Elizabeth W. Pflaum, A. J. Pflock, Dr. John J. Phelps, Mrs. W. L. Phemister, Dr. Dallas B. Phillips, Dr. Herbert Morrow Phillips, Mervyn C. Pick, Albert, Jr. Pick, Frederic G. Pierce, J. Norman Pierce, Paul, Jr. Pierson, Joseph B. Pink, Mrs. Ira M. Pirie, Mrs. John T. Pitzner, Alwin Frederick Plapp, Miss Doris A. Piatt, Edward Vilas Piatt, Mrs. Robert S. Plummer, Comer Plunkett, William H. Pobloske, Albert C. Podell, Mrs. Beatrice Hayes Polk, Mrs. Stella F. Pollak, Charles A. Pomeroy, Mrs. Frank W. Pool, Marvin B. Poole, Mrs. Frederick Arthur Poole, George A. Poole, Mrs. Ralph H. Poor, Fred A. Pope, Henry Pope, Herbert Poppenhagen, Henry J. Porter, Charles H. Porter, Edward C. Porter, Mrs. Frank S. Porter, Henry H. Porter, Louis Porter, Mrs. Sidney S. Porterfield, Mrs. John F. Portis, Dr. Sidney A. Post, Frederick, Jr. Post, Mrs. Philip Sidney Pottenger, William A. Pottenger, Miss Zipporah Herrick Poulson, Mrs. Clara L. Powills, Michael A. Pratt, Mrs. William E. Prentice, John K. Preston, Fred A. Price, John McC. Primley, Walter S. Prince, Harry Prince, Rev. Herbert W. Prince, Leonard M. Proxmire, Dr. Theodore Stanley Prussing, Mrs. R. E. Pucci, Lawrence Puckey, F. W. Pulver, Hugo Purcell, Joseph D. Purcey, Victor W. Purdy, Sparrow E. Putnam, Miss Mabel C. Puttkammer, E. W. Pyterek, Rev. Peter H. -119 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Quick, Miss Hattiemae Quigley, William J. Raber, Franklin Racheff, Ivan Radau, Hugo Radford, Mrs. W. A., Jr. Radniecki, Rev. Stanley Raff, Mrs. Arthur Raftree, Miss Julia M. Railton, Miss Frances Ramis, Leon Lipman Randall, Rev. Edwin J. Randall, Irving Raney, Mrs. R. J. Rankin, Miss Jessie H. Rassweiler, August Ravenscroft, Edward H. Raymond, Mrs. Howard D. Razim, A. J. Reach, Benjamin F. Reach, William Redfield, William M. Redington, F. B. Redmond, Forrest H. Reed, Mrs. Frank D. Reed, Mrs. Lila H. Reed, Norris H. Reed, Mrs. Philip L. Reeve, Mrs. Earl Reffelt, Miss F. A. Regan, Mrs. Robert G. Regenstein, Joseph Regensteiner, Theodore Regnery, William H. Reich, Miss Annie Reichmann, Alexander F. Reid, Mrs. Bryan Reingold, J. J. Remy, Mrs. William Renaldi, George J. Renshaw, Mrs. Charles ReQua, Haven A. Rew, Mrs. Irwin Reynolds, Harold F. Reynolds, Mrs. J. J. Rice, Arthur L. Rice, Mrs. Charles R. Rice, Laurence A. Rich, Elmer Rich, Harry Richards, Mrs. Bartlett Richards, J. DeForest Richards, James Donald Richards, Marcus D. Richardson, George A. Richardson, Guy A. Richter, Mrs. Adelyn W. Rickcords, Francis S. Ridgeway, Ernest Riemenschneider, Mrs. Julius H. Rieser, Leonard M. Rietz, Elmer W. Rietz, Walter H. Ripstra, J. Henri Ritchie, Mrs. John Rittenhouse, Charles J. Roberts, Mrs. John Roberts, John M. Roberts, Shepherd M. Roberts, Mrs. Warren R. Roberts, William Munsell Robertson, Hugh Robinson, Theodore W., Jr. Robson, Miss Sarah C. Roche, Miss Emily Roderick, Solomon P. Rodgers, Dr. David C. Rodman, Thomas Clifford Rodman, Mrs. Hugh Roehling, Mrs. Otto G. Roehm, George R. Roesch, Frank P. Rogers, Miss Annie T. Rogers, Mrs. Bernard F. Rogers, Edward S. Rogers, Joseph E. Rogerson, Everett E. Rogovsky, W. P. Rolfes, Gerald A. Rolnick, Dr. Harry C. Romer, Miss Dagmar E. Root, John W. Rosborough, Dr. Paul A. Rosen, M. R. Rosenbaum, Mrs. Edwin S. Rosenfeld, M. J. Rosenfeld, Mrs. Maurice Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S. Rosenthal, Kurt Rosenthal, Lessing Rosenthal, Samuel R. Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Richard M. Ross, Robert C. Ross, Mrs. Robert E. Ross, Thompson Ross, Walter S. Roth, Aaron Roth, Mrs. Margit Hochsinger Rothacker, Watterson R. Rothschild, George William Routh, George E., Jr. Rozelle, Mrs. Emma Rubens, Mrs. Charles Rubloff, Arthur Rubovits, Theodore Ruckelhausen, Mrs. Henry Rueckheim, Miss Lillian Ruettinger, John W. Runnells, Mrs. Clive Rupprecht, Mrs. Edgar P. Rushton, Joseph A. Russell, Dr. Joseph W. Russell, Paul S. Rutledge, George E. Ryan, Mrs. William A. Ryerson, Joseph T. Sackley, Mrs. James A. Sage, W. Otis Salmon, Mrs. E. D. Sammons, Wheeler Sample, John Glen Sandidge, Miss Daisy Sands, Mrs. Frances B. Santini, Mrs. Randolph Sardeson, Orville A. Sargent, Chester F. Sargent, John R. W. Sargent, Ralph Sauter, Fred J. Sawyer, Ainslie Y. Sawyer, Dr. Alvah L. Schacht, John H. Schafer, O. J. Schaffner, Mrs. Joseph Schaffner, Mrs. L. L. Schaffner, Robert C. Scharin, Mrs. J. Hippach Scheidenhelm, Edward L. Scheinman, Jesse D. Schermerhorn, W. I. Schlichting, Justus L. Schmidt, Dr. Charles L. Schmidt, Mrs. Minna Schmitz, Dr. Henry Schneider, D. G. Schneider, F. P. Schnering, Otto Y. Schnur, Ruth A. Scholl, Dr. William M. Schram, Harry S. Schreiner, Sigurd Schroeder, Dr. George H. Schroeder, Dr. Mary G. Schueren, Arnold C. Schukraft, William Schulze, Mrs. Mathilde Schupp, Philip C. Schurig, Robert Roy Schuyler, Mrs. Daniel J., Jr. Schwander, J. J. 120 — ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Schwanke, Arthur Schwartz, Charles K. Schwartz, Charles P. Schwartz, Dr. Otto Schwarz, Herbert E. Schwarzhaupt, Emil Sclanders, Mrs. Alexander Scott, Miss Maud E. Scott, Robert L. Scribner, Gilbert Scully, Mrs. D. B. Sears, Miss Dorothy Sears, J. Alden Sears, Richard W., Jr. Seaton, G. Leland Seaverns, Louis C. Sedgwick, C. Galen See, Dr. Agnes Chester Seeberger, Miss Dora A. Seeburg, Justus P. Seifert, Mrs. Walter J. Seip, Emil G. Seipp, Clarence T. Seipp, Edwin A. Seipp, Edwin A., Jr. Seipp, William C. Sello, George W. Sencenbaugh, Mrs. C. W. Seng, Frank J. Seng, V. J. Senne, John A. Shaffer, Carroll Shambaugh, Dr. George E. Shanahan, Mrs. David E. Shanesy, Ralph D. Shannon, Angus Roy Shapiro, Meyer Sharpe, N. M. Shaw, Alfred P. Shaw, Mrs. Arch W. Sheldon, James M. Shelton, Dr. W. Eugene Shepherd, Mrs. Edith P. Shepherd, Miss Olive M. Sherman, Mrs. Francis C, Sr. Sherman, Mrs. W. W. Shields, James Culver Shillestad, John N. Shire, Moses E. Shoan, Nels Shorey, Clyde E. Short, J. R. Short, Miss Shirley Jane Shoup, A. D. Shumway, Mrs. Edward DeWitt Sidlev, William P. Siebel, Mrs. Ewald H. Sieck, Herbert Sigman, Leon Silander, A. I. Silberman, Charles Silberman, David B. Silberman, Hubert S. Sills, Clarence W. Silverthorne, George M. Simond, Robert E. Simonds, Dr. James P. Simpson, John M. Sinclair, Dr. J. Frank Singer, Mrs. Mortimer H. Sinsheimer, Allen Sisskind, Louis Sitzer, Dr. L. Grace Powell Skleba, Dr. Leonard F. Skooglund, David Sleeper, Mrs. Olive C. Smith, Charles Herbert Smith, Clinton F. Smith, Mrs. E. A. Smith, Mrs. Emery J. Smith, Mrs. Frank S. Smith, Franklin P. Smith, Harold Byron Smith, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, Jens Smith, Mrs. Katharine Walker Smith, Mrs. Kinney Smith, Miss Marion D. Smith, Paul C. Smith, Samuel K. Smith, Mrs. Theodore White Smith, Walter Byron Smith, Mrs. William A. Smith, Z. Erol Smuk, Dr. J. E. Smullan, Alexander Snow, Fred A. Snyder, Harry Socrates, Nicholas A. Solem, Dr. George O. Sonnenschein, Hugo Soper, Henry M. Soper, James P., Jr. Sopkin, Mrs. Setia H. Soravia, Joseph Sorensen, James Speer, Robert J. Spencer, Mrs. Egbert H. Spencer, Mrs. William M. Sperry, Mrs. Leonard M. Spertus, Herman Spiegel, Mrs. Arthur H. Spiegel, Mrs. Frederick W. Spitz, Joel Spitz, Leo Spohn, John F. Spooner, Charles W. Spoor, Mrs. John A. Sprague, Dr. John P. Spray, Cranston Squires, John G. Staack, Otto C. Stacey, Mrs. Thomas I. Staley, Miss Mary B. Stanley, Sinclair G. Stanton, Henry T. Starbird, Miss Myrtle I. Starrels, Joel Stearns, Mrs. Richard I. Stebbins, Fred J. Steele, Henry B., Jr. Steele, W. D. Steffey, David R. Stein, Benjamin F. Stein, Dr. Irving Stein, L. Montefiore Stein, Sydney, Jr. Steinberg, Dr. Milton Stenson, Frank R. Stephan, Mrs. John Sterba, Dr. Joseph V. Sterling, Joseph Stern, Alfred Whital Stern, David B. Stern, Felix Stern, Gardner H. Stern, Oscar D. Stevens, Delmar A. Stevens, Edward J. Stevens, Elmer T. Stevens, Harold L. Stevenson, Engval Stewart, Miss Eglantine Daisy Stewart, Miss Mercedes Graeme Stirling, Miss Dorothy Stockton, Eugene M. Stoll, John O. Stone, Mrs. Jacob S. Stone, Mrs. Theodore Straus, Henry H. Straus, Martin L. Straus, Melvin L. Strauss, Dr. Alfred A. Strauss, Ivan Strauss, John L. Straw, Mrs. H. Foster Street, Mrs. Charles A. Strickfaden, Miss Alma E. Stromberg, Charles J. Strong, Edmund H. Strong, Mrs. Walter A. Strotz, Harold C. Stulik, Dr. Charles Sullivan, John J. Sulzberger, Frank L. 121 — ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Summer, Mrs. Edward Sundin, Ernest G. Sutcliffe, Mrs. Gary Sutherland, William Sutton, Harold I. Swanson, Joseph E. Swartchild, Edward G. Swartchild, William G. Swenson, S. P. O. Swett, Robert Wheeler Swift, Mrs. Alden B. Swift, Edward F., Jr. Swigart, John D. Sykes, Aubrey L. Sykes, Mrs. Wilfred Taft, Mrs. Oren E. Tatge, Mrs. Gustavus J. Taylor, Frank F. Taylor, Herbert J. Taylor, J. H. Tavlor, James L. Tavlor, L. S. Taylor, William G. Templeton, Stuart J. Templeton, Walter L. Templeton, Mrs. William Terry, Foss Bell Teter, Lucius Thatcher, Everett A. Theobald, Dr. John J. Thomas, Mrs. Florence T. Thomas, Frank W. Thomas, Dr. William A. Thompson, Arthur H. Thompson, Edward F. Thompson, Floyd E. Thompson, Fred L. Thompson, Dr. George F. Thompson, John E. Thompson, Mrs. John R. Thompson, John R., Jr. Thorne, Hallett W. Thorne, James W. Thornton, Dr. Francis E. Thorp, Harry W. Thresher, C. J. Thulin, F. A. Tibbetts, Mrs. N. L. Tilden, Averill Tilden, Louis Edward Tilt, Charles A. Tobey, William Robert Tobias, Clavton H. Todt, Mrs. Edward G. Torbet, A. W. Touchstone, John Henry Towler, Kenneth F. Towne, Mrs. John D. C. Traer, Glenn W. Trask, Arthur C. Traylor, Mrs. Dorothy J. Traylor, Mrs. Melvin A., Jr. Trees, Merle J. Trenkmann, Richard A. Tripp, Chester D. Trombly, Dr. F. F. Trowbridge, Mrs. A. Buel, Jr. Trude, Mrs. Mark W. True, Charles H. Tumpeer, Joseph J. Turck, J. A. V. Turner, Alfred M. Turner, Mrs. Horace E. Tuthill, Mrs. Beulah L. Tuthill, Gray B. Tuttle, Emerson Tuttle, Mrs. Henry N. Tyler, Mrs. Orson K. Ullmann, Herbert S. Upham, Mrs. Frederic W. Utter, Mrs. Arthur J. Vacin, Emil F. Valentine, Joseph L. Valentine, Mrs. May L. Valentine, Patrick A. VanArtsdale, Mrs. Flora D. VanCleef, Felix VanCleef, Mrs. Noah VanCleef, Paul VanDellen, Dr. Theodore R. VanDeventer, Christopher Vanek, John C. VanSchaack, R. H., Jr. VanZwoll, Henry B. Vawter, William A., II Veeder, Miss Jessie Vehe, Dr. K. L. Vehon, Morris Verson, David C. Vial, Charles H. Vial, F. K. Vickery, Miss Mabel S. Vierling, Mrs. Louis Vogl, Otto VonColditz, Dr. G. Thomsen- vonGlahn, Mrs. August Voorhees, Mrs. Condit Voorhees, H. Belin Voynow, Edward E. Wade, Walter A. Wager, William Wagner, Fritz, Jr. Wahl, Arnold Spencer Wakerlin, Dr. George E. Walgreen, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, James Walker, Mrs. Paul Walker, Samuel J. Walker, William E. Wallace, Walter F. Waller, Mrs. Edward C. Waller, James B., Jr. Wallerich, George W. Wallovick, J. H. Walpole, S. J. Walsh, Miss Mary Walther, Mrs. S. Arthur Wanner, Arthur L. Ward, Edwin J. Ward, Mrs. N. C. Wardwell, H. F. Wares, Mrs. Helen Worth Warfield, Edwin A. Warner, Mrs. John Eliot Warren, Allyn D. Warren, Paul C. Warren, Paul G. Warren, Walter G. Washburne, Clarke Washburne, Hempstead, Jr. Washington, Laurence W. Wassell, Joseph Waterman, Dr. A. H. Watson, William Upton Watts, Harry C. Watzek, J. W., Jr. Waud, E. P. Wayman, Charles A. G. Weber, Mrs. Will S. Webster, Arthur L. Webster, Miss Helen R. Webster, Henrv A. Wedelstaedt, H. A. Wegner, Charles T., Jr. Weil, Mrs. Leon Weil, Martin Weiler, Rudolph Weiner, Charles Weinstein, Dr. M. L. Weinzelbaum, Louis L. Weis, Samuel W. Weisbrod, Benjamin H. Weiss, Mrs. Morton Weiss, Siegfried Weissbrenner, A. W. Weisskopf, Maurice J. Weisskopf, Dr. Max A. Welles, Mrs. Donald P. Welles, Mrs. Edward Kenneth Wells, Arthur H. Wells, Miss Cecilia Wells, Harrv L. Wells, John E. 122 — ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Wells, Preston A. Wendell, Barrett Wendell, Miss Josephine A. Wentworth, John Wentworth, Mrs. Sylvia B. Wentz, Peter L. Werner, Frank A. Wertheimer, Joseph West, Miss Mary Sylvia West, Thomas H. Westerfeld, Simon Wetten, Albert H. Weymer, Earl M. Whealan, Emmett P. Wheeler, George A. Wheeler, Leo W. Wheeler, Leslie M. Wheeler, Mrs. Robert C. Whinery, Charles C. White, Mrs. James C. White, Joseph J. White, Richard T. White, Sanford B. White, Selden Freeman Whitehouse, Howard D. Whiting, Mrs. Adele H. Whiting, Lawrence H. Whittier, C. C. Widdicombe, Mrs. R. A. Wieland, Charles J. Wieland, Mrs. George C. Wienhoeber, George V. Wilder, Harold, Jr. Wilder, Mrs. John E. Wilder, Mrs. Paul Wilker, Mrs. Milton W. Wilkey, Fred S. Wilkins, George Lester Wilkins, Miss Ruth C. Wilkinson, Mrs. George L. Wilkinson, John C. Willems, Dr. J. Daniel Willens, Joseph R. Willey, Mrs. Charles B. Williams, Miss Anna P. Williams, J. M. Williams, Kenneth Williamson, George H. Willis, Paul, Jr. Willis, Thomas H. Willner, Benton Jack, Jr. Wills, H. E. Wilms, Hermann P. Wilson, Mrs. E. Crane Wilson, Harry Bertram Wilson, Mrs. John R. Wilson, Miss Lillian M. Wilson, Morris Karl Wilson, Percy Wilson, Mrs. Robert E. Wilson, William Winans, Frank F. Windsor, H. H., Jr. Winston, Mrs. Bertram M. Winston, Hampden Winston, James H. Winter, Irving Wolf, Mrs. Albert H. Wolf, Walter B. Wood, Mrs. Gertrude D. Wood, Mrs. Hettie R. Wood, John H. Wood, Kay, Jr. Wood, Robert E. Wood, William G. Woodmansee, Fay Woodruff, George Woods, Weightstill Worcester, Mrs. Charles H. Work, Robert Works, George A. Wright, H. C. Wright, Warren Wrigley, Mrs. Charles W. Wupper, Benjamin F. Yerkes, Richard W. Yondorf, John David Yondorf, Milton S. Yondorf, Milton S., Jr. Yorkey, Mrs. Margaret Young, B. Botsford Young, E. Frank Young, George W. Young, Hugh E. Zabel, Max W. Zabel, Mrs. Max W. Zapel, Elmer J. Zerler, Charles F. Ziebarth, Charles A. Zimmerman, Herbert P. Zimmerman, Louis W. Zinke, Otto A. Zork, David Abbott, Guy H. Barnett, Otto R. Berryman, John B. Billow, Elmer Ellsworth Bistor, James E. Blish, Sylvester Burgess, Charles F. Cole, Leopold E. Cox, Mrs. Rensselaer W. Curtis, Miss Frances H. Cushman, Arthur W. Davis, Dean W. Deery, Thomas A. Doering, Mrs. Edmund J., Jr. Donnelly, Frank Frank, Dr. Ira Friedman, Mrs. Isaac K. Deceased, 1945 Gann, David B. Gielow, Walter C. Green, Miss Mary Pomeroy Hallmann, August F. Hardinge, Franklin Hoier, William V. Horner, Dr. David A. Horton, George T. Hulbert, Mrs. Milan H. Jacobs, Walter H. Kline, Sol Leavitt, Mrs. Wellington Lufkin, Wallace W. Mandel, Mrs. Emanuel Martin, Mrs. Franklin H. McCormick, Mrs. Alexander A. McCoy, Herbert N. Mclnerney, John L. Miller, Walter E. Miller, William S. Neilson, Mrs. Francis Pauling, Edward G. Peacock, Robert E. Phelps, Mason Pitcher, Mrs. Henry L. Pohn, Jacob S. Roberts, Dr. S. M. Salisbury, Mrs. Warren M. Stevens, Mrs. James W. Swan, Oscar H. Taylor, George Halleck Weaver, Charles A. Witkowsky, Leon 123 NON-RESIDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Those, residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, who have contributed $50 to the Museum Baum, Mrs. James Colby, Carl Lindboe, S. R. Meevers, Harvey Mitchell, W. A. Niederhauser, Homer Phillips, Montagu Austin Stevens, Edmund W. SUSTAINING MEMBERS Those who contribute $25 annually to the Museum Eitel, Emil Meyerhoff, A. E. Perry, Peter M. Fay, Eugene C. Mills ' Lloyd Lan S don Shillinglaw, David L. Lynch, J. W. Page, John W. Treadwell, H. A. Fig. 32. '"How soon does the show begin? " 124 ANNUAL MEMBERS Those who contribute $10 annually to the Museum Aagaard, Walter S. Abbott, Mrs. Howard C. Abbott, Mrs. John Jay Abeles, Alfred T. Adams, Cyrus H. Adams, F. W. Adams, Harvey M. Adams, Hugh R. Adams, Hugh R., Jr. Adams, Dr. Walter A. Adler, Jay Adler, Mrs. William S. Adsit, Harold C. Agar, Mrs. John T. Agar, Mrs. William G. Aggerbeck, Leslie P. Alcorn, Mrs. William R. Aldrich, Mrs. L. E. Alessio, Frank Alexander, John F. Allais, Mrs. Arthur L. Allbright, R. D. Allen, Amos G. Allen, Frank W. Aller, Mrs. Henry D. Allman, George D. Alrutz, Dr. Louis F. Altheimer, Ben J. Altman, Miss Isabel M. Alton, Robert Leslie Amberg, Harold V. Amberg, Miss Mary Agnes Ambrose, J. F. Ambrose, Ralph Ameismaier, Julius Anagnost, Themis Andrus, Royal V. Anschicks, R. J. Antonow, Joseph P. Applegate, Mrs. Harry R. Appleton, Mrs. Arthur I. Arado, A. D. Aranoff, Kenneth Arden, Percy H. Armbruster, F. C. Armstrong, George M. Arndt, Albert Arvey, Mrs. Jacob M. Aschermann, N. J. Ashcraft, Edwin M., Ill Atwater, Mrs. Pierce Atwood, Carl E. Atwood, Fred G. Auerbach, Dr. Bernard Austerlade, William R. Austin, Edwin C. Austin, Dr. Margaret Howard Austrian, Mrs. H. S. Auty, K. A. Avery, Guy T. Avildsen, Clarence Babbitt, Mrs. Ross M. Bach, Peter A. Bach, Thomas J. Bacon, Wilbur C. Baer, Arthur A. Baer, Mrs. D. Arthur Baker, Mrs. Eloise Parsons Baldwin, James L. Balfanz, Henry W. Balke, Mrs. Clarence W. Ballard, Mrs. E. S. Ballis, Samuel R. Bankard, E. Hoover, Jr. Barbee, Beatrice Barber, Mrs. Albert H. Bard, Albert T. Bardwell, William U. Barker, Charles P. Barker, James M. Barker, William R. Barnes, Mrs. Harold Osborne Barnes, William H. Barr, Charles L. Barrett, Miss Adela Barrett, Mrs. Lawrence A. Barrett, Oliver R. Barrett, Timothy A. Bartholomay, Henry C. Bartholomay, William, Jr. Bartky, Mrs. Walter Basler, Norbert Bass, Charles Bast, O. D. Bastien, Mrs. A. E. Bates, Mrs. Harry C. Bay, Dr. Emmet B. Beatty, Ross J., Jr. Bechtner, Paul Becker, Matthew G. Beckwith, William J. Beelman, Hugh C. Beers-Jones, L. Behrens, Mrs. Herman A. Beifus, Morris Belden, Mrs. Joseph C. Bell, Charles M. Bell, Herbert E. Bellows, Charles A. Bender, Mrs. Charles Bengston, Henry Bengtson, J. Ludvig Benjamin, Mrs. Bert R. Benner, Miss Harriet Bennett, Dwight W. Bennington, Harold Bensinger, Robert F. Benzin, Otto A. Berberian, Hagop Bergen, Garrett L. Berger, E. M. Berger, R. O. Berk, Ben Berman, Irving Bernstein, George E. Beven, T. D. Bichl, Francis G., Jr. Bichl, G. J. Biddle, Robert C. Bidwell, Dr. Charles L. Bielefeld, Herbert J. Biesel, Fred Bigane, Joseph F. Bigelow, Miss Florence E. Bigelow, Royston H. Biggio, Mrs. Louise T. Bingham, J. Lyman Birchwood, Dr. Eugene Bishop, James R. Black, E. D. Black, J. Walker Black, John D. Blackburn, John W. Blaha, Ralph C. Blair, Mrs. W. McCormick Blake, Arthur T. Blake, Mrs. Freeman K. Blake, Robert W. Blanksten, Mrs. Samuel B. Blaz, Maurice C. Bleeden, Beryl Blitzsten, Mrs. Harry K. Blitzsten, Dr. N. Lionel Block, Mrs. Joseph L. Blomquist, Alfred Bloom, H. L. Bloom, Mrs. Leon D. Blumberg, Nathan S. Blume, Ernest Blumenthal, Barre Boening, Mrs. Louis A. Bogoff, Henry Bokman, Dr. A. F. Boley, Elbert L. Bolla, Dr. E. L. Bond, William Scott Bonfield, Paul H. Booth, Sheldon M. Borcherding, O. D. Bori, Mrs. Albert V. Borin, Charles 125 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Borland, C. A. Borland, Mrs. John Jay, III Borrowdale, Thomas M. Boss, John H. Boswell, Mrs. J. Stewart Bosworth, Mrs. Roland I. Both, Mrs. William C. Bothman, Dr. Louis Bovee, Fred G. Bovenkerk, Mrs. Marie J. Bowes, W. R. Bowman, Claude D. Bowman, Mrs. E. M. Bowman, Jay Boyd, Darrell S. Boyden, Mrs. William C. Boyle, Mrs. John R. Bradford, Mrs. Chester T. Bradley, Mrs. Benjamin W. Bradley, Dr. Garnet Brandel, Paul W. Brando, Marlon Brandt, Fred T. Branit, J. T. Brant, Rev. Gordon E. Brashears, J. W. Bratton, L. G. Braudy, Mrs. Louis C. Breckinridge, Miss Mary Breed, Dr. J. Ernest Breen, James W. Breen, John A. Bremner, Dr. M. D. K. Breskin, Louis A. Brettman, Herbert P. Brewer, Everett Robert Brewer, Harry F. Brichetto, John L. Bridgeman, Wallace C. Briede, Henry J. Briggs, Edward A., Jr. Briggs, George L. Briggs, J. H. Briggs, Ralph E. Bright, Mrs. Orville T. Brine, John H. Brinkman, Fred Broderick, W. J. Brodie, Dr. Allan G. Bronsky, Edward M. Brook, P. D. Broude, Mrs. William S. Brown, Alexander Brown, Mrs. George W. Brown, Robert C, Jr. Brown, William W. Browne, Mrs. Grace Greenwood Bruce, Harley N. Brucker, Dr. Matthew W. Bruckner, Mrs. Eugene E. Buchner, Dr. E. M. Buik, George C. Bunn, B. H. Burdick, Charles B. Burke, L. J. Burkhardt, Mrs. Ralph E. Burman, Henry L. Burnet, Mrs. W. A. Burns, Patrick C. Burtis, Clyde L. Burton, Mrs. Anna W. Burton, Robert N. Burull, Miss Ruth M. Busch, Albert Busch, Francis X. Butler, Burtram B. Butler, Mrs. Evelyn Butterfield, Peter Edwin Butz, Mrs. Robert O. Byfield, Ernest L. Byrnes, William Jerome Byron, Samuel S. Cabeen, Richard McP. Caesar, O. E. Callan, T. J. Campbell, C. Roy Campbell, Chesser M. Campbell, Donald A. Canmann, Mrs. Harry L. Card, William H. Carl, Otto Frederick Carlington, William M. Carlisle, Mrs. William T. Carlstrom, Mrs. Oscar D. Carlton, Mrs. Frank A. Carp, Joseph T. Carpenter, H. R. Carpenter, John Alden Carr, George Wallace Carson, Chester M. Carter, Mrs. C. B. Casey, Rev. Joseph A. Caspers, Paul Caspers, Mrs. Raymond I. Cassetty, Rev. W. M., Jr. Cassidy, Mrs. James Lyle Castens, Milton S. Cervenka, John A. Chandler, Charles H. Channon, Carl Chapman, Ralph Chenier, Miss Mizpah Chertow, David Chester, Morton C. Chessman, L. W. Childs, Kent C. Chrissinger, Horace B. Christensen, Henry C. Christenson, Dr. P. J. Christopher, Dr. G. L. Ciccone, Tony Citterman, Solomon Clarage, Arthur T. Clark, A. B. Clark, E. L. Clark, Mrs. Peter S. Clark, Mrs. Ralph E. Clark, Robert H. Clark, Mrs. Robert K. Clarke, Mrs. A. S. C. Clarke, Mrs. Broadus James Clarke, David R. Clarke, Mrs. Philip R. Clasen, W. N. Cleary, Mrs. James M. Clements, J. A. Clifford, Mrs. J. S. Clifton, Dr. Willie Mae Clizbe, Mrs. F. O. Clonick, Abraham J. Clonick, Herbert J. Clow, Kent S. Cobbey, J. A. Cochran, Mrs. Thomas H. Coen, T. M. Coggin, William B. Cohen, Archie H. Cohen, Harry Cohen, Louis L. Cohn, Harry Cole, Cornelius C. Coleman, Hamilton Coleman, Harold Coleman, Harry M. Coleman, Mrs. John Collier, John H. Collins, Arthur W. Collins, Mrs. Frank P. Colvin, Miss Bonnie Combs, Earle M., Jr. Conant, E. D. Conaway, E. A. Conkey, Henry P. Connolly, R. E. Connors, Mrs. Thomas A. Conquest, Victor Consoer, Arthur W. Converse, Earl M. Coogan, Dr. T. J. Cook, Junius F., Jr. Cook, Sidney A. Cooper, Charles H. Cornwell, Dr. H. J. Corper, Erwin Corrigan, Mrs. Michael J. -126 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Costello, A. B. Costigan, Mrs. Eve Charles Coverley, Mrs. Cecile Covington, John R. Cowles, Knight C. Coyne, Richard T. Cragg, Mrs. George L. Crandell, S. H. Creange, A. L. Crist, Luther E. Crites, Joe Crockett, Wells E. Cronkhite, A. C. Crowell, Dr. Bowman Corning Crown, Mrs. Irving Culbertson, James G. Culbertson, Samuel A., II Cummings, Dr. C. A. Cummings, Mrs. Tilden Cunningham, Robert M. Cunningham, Secor Curda, Frank R. Curtis, D. C. Curtis, John G. Cuscaden, Fred A. Cushman, Dr. Beulah Cushman, Robert S. Dailv, Francis L. Dale, Arthur G. Dale, Dr. Maurice L. Dale, Thomas C. Dallwig, P. G. Daly, James J. Dancer, Howard Mix Daniel, Norman Danielson, Reuben G. Danits, Samuel Darby, Raymond J. Darr, H. S. Darrow, Gerard B. Darrow, William Dwight Daspit, Walter David, Sigmund W. Davies, Mrs. H. G. Davis, A. D. Davis, Mrs. Abel Davis, Arthur G. Davis, Mrs. Charles P. Davis, Charles S. Davis, David Davis, Mrs. F. Ben Davis, Paul H. Davis, Ralph W. Dawson, John A. Dean, Mrs. S. E., Jr. Decker, Edward DeCosta, H. J. Dee, Mrs. Orville A. Dee, P. J. Deeming, W. S. Deffenbaugh, Roy R. Degener, August W. DeLonghe, H. F. DeMets, Pierre A. Dempsey, John S. DePencier, Mrs. Joseph R. Depue, Oscar B. Derkers, George C. D'Esposito, Joshua DeWitt, E. J. Dick, Mrs. Edison Dickerson, Earl B. Dickinson, Mrs. Arthur W. Diggs, Dr. N. Alfred Dillbahner, Frank Dingeldein, Karl A. Dinkelman, Harry Dirckx, C. Joseph Dispenza, N. R. Dixon, Mrs. Janet Dixon, Mrs. Wesley M. Dixson, Mrs. V. B. Doepp, Mrs. William Dole, Mrs. Andrew R. Donahue, Elmer W. Donaldson, Dan Donaldson, Miss Mima L. Donaldson, Richard J. Donberg, Joseph H. Donnelley, Thorne Doroshaw, J. M. Dorpols, Frank L. Douglas, William C. Dovenmuehle, George H. Dover, S. M. Downs, James C, Jr. Drake, Charles R. Drake, G. T. Drake, L. J. Drake, Robert T. Drake, Mrs. Seth C. Dreffein, Mrs. Henry A. Drell, Mrs. J. B. Dressel, Charles L. Drever, Thomas Dreyfus, Maurice M. Driscoll, Robert Dry, Meyer Dubek, John J., Jr. Dubiel, Dr. John C. Dubin, Joseph Dubkin, Leonard Dulsky, Louis Duncan, Mrs. H. F. Dunigan, Edward B. Dunkleman, Gabriel Dunlap, George G. Dwyer, J. E. Dygert, Erwin F. Eaton, Harry Edward Eckenroth, William A. Eckert, Edward L. Eckhouse, George H. Edelstone, Benjamin J. Eichin, Mrs. Charles Eisenberg, David B. Eismann, William Eitel, Emil Eitel, Robert J. Elden, A. D. Eldred, Mrs. Harriot W. Elkan, Leo H. Ellerd, Arthur A. Ellington, J. E. Elliott, Dr. Arthur R. Elliott, William S. Ellis, Hubert C. Embree, Henry S. Emery, Mrs. Fred A. Emery, Robert B. Epstein, Mrs. Arnold Erickson, Hubbard H. Erlach, Dr. Franz S. Essley, E. Porter Etshokin, Luery Eulass, E. A. Eustice, Mrs. Alfred L. Evans, Mrs. Arthur T. Everds, William H. Evers, John W., Jr. Fairchild, Edmund Fairman, Miss Marian Faissler, John J. Falls, Dr. F. H. Fantus, Ernest L. Faricy, Mrs. William T. Farney, Mrs. Cyril Farnsworth, Mrs. George J. Farrell, Mrs. Ernest H. Farwell, Albert D. Farwell, Mrs. Arthur Favill, Mrs. John Feld, Max Fenn, John F. Fensholt, A. H. Ferris, Douglas B. Ferry, Mrs. Frank Fessenden, Mrs. M. G. Field, Mrs. James A. Field, John S. Field, Mrs. Wentworth G. Feitsch, Mrs. Herman, Jr. Finn, B. L. Finney, Dr. William P. Fischer, Mrs. Louis E. -127 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Fish, Mrs. Sigmund C. Fishburn, Mrs. A. M. Fisher, Stephen J. Fisher, William E. Fishlove, Irving H. Fitpold, Michael H. Fitzgerald, Edward Fitzgerald, Dr. J. E. , Fitzpatrick, James R. Fitzpatrick, W. J. Flavin, Lawrence P. Fleckles, L. N., Jr. Fleer, Herman H. Fleming, Paul Fleming, Mrs. W. Lynne Fleming, William R. Flesch, John Flesch, Stanley J. Fletcher, Joseph Fletcher, R. F. Fletcher, R. P. Flett, James Floreen, Adolph R. Flores, Dr. Marguerite S. Florsheim, Leonard S. Floto, J. W. Forck, Charles G. Forster, J. George Foster, George P. Foster, William S. Fouche, Mrs. G. R. Fowler, Mrs. Earle B. Fowler, Edgar C. Fowler, Gordon F. Fowler, Walter E. Frank, Fred. W. Frank, Samuel I. Frankenstein, Rudolph Franz, Herbert G. Franz, Mrs. John N. Frazee, Seward C. Freeman, David A. Freeman, Thomas B. Fremont, Miss Ruby Freund, Erwin O. Freund, Mrs. I. H. Friedberg, Dr. Stanton A. Frieder, Edward Friedeman, Richard F. Frohning, W. C. Fugard, John R. Furedy, Frank Futran, Herbert S. Gabel, Walter H. Gage, Chester A. Galanti, Mrs. Charles Gale, Abram Gallagher, John T. Gallauer, William Gamrath, Elmer H. Gardner, George M. Garside, Dr. Earl Gast, Arthur E. Gatenby, John W., Jr. Gatzert, Mrs. August Gaylord, Mrs. Sol H. Gefael, Harry W. Gensburg, Samuel H. Geraghty, James K. Geraghty, Mrs. Thomas F. Gerber, Martin S. Gettleman, Frank E. Gettleman, Samuel R. Getz, Oscar Giesbert, Mrs. Carl A. Gilbert, Theodore Gilbert, W. P. Gill, Joseph L. Gillett, W. N. Fig. 33. Albert J. Franzen, Preparator and Taxidermist in Harris Extension, prepares a squirrel skin for a portable exhibit. Photograph by Chicago Daily News. 128 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Gillies, Fred M. Gilroy, John F. Girvin, Ramon B. Giryotas, Dr. Emelia J. Glader, Frank J. Gladstone, Myer H. Glaser, James M. R. Glenn, Bruce W. Glick, Louis G. Glynn, Mrs. John E. Goddard, Mrs. Convers Goldschmidt, M. Goldsmith, Henry M. Goldsmith, Melvin M. Goldstein, Mrs. Benjamin F. Goldthorp, Ellsworth Gollan, Jose Santos, Hijo Gomberg, Dr. Harry- Gonnerman, Mrs. Allan W. Good, Arthur P. Good, Charles E. Goodall, John C. Goodbar, Harry L. Goodell, P. W. Goodhart, Mrs. H. J. Goodman, Harry M. Goodman, Ralph L. Goodman, Mrs. William D. Goodrich, Miss Bernice M. Goodrich, Miss Josephine Goodson, Orr Gordon, David Gordon, Edward Gorski, Martin Gott, Philip P. Gouch, Mrs. George Gourfain, A. S., Jr. Grabbe, Werner H. Grams, Herbert Grauer, Milton H. Grauer, Dr. Theophil P. Graves, Mrs. Marie J. Graydon, Charles E. Green, Mrs. Dwight H. Green, Harry Green, J. F. Green, Michael Green, Norman C. Green, Walter H. Greenhouse, Jacob Greenlee, Mrs. Robert P. Greenlee, William B. Grein, Joseph Gresham, Mrs. Laura E. Grigg, William H. Griglik, Casimir Grimes, J. Frank Grisamore, Oscar L. Groak, Irwin D. Groble, Edward B. Groble, Harold E. Grochowski, Mrs. G. S. Groebe, Louis G. Groom, Miss Eve Grossfeld, Miss Rose Grove, C. G. Gruendel, Mrs. George H. Gunnar, Mrs. H. P. Gurley, F. G. Gustafson, Miss Anna E. Gustafson, Harry M. Gustafson, Miss Ruth M. Gutgsell, Mrs. Emil J. Guthrie, S. Ashley Hagey, J. F. Haines, Mrs. Charles J. Haines, Walter Hall, Arthur B. Hall, B. Brower Hall, Miss Fanny A. Hall, Harry Hall, Louis W. Halligan, W. J. Halper, Samuel Halperin, Max Hamill, Dr. Ralph C. Hamilton, Hugo A. Hammill, Miss Edith K. Hammond, William M. Handtmann, G. E. Hanna, Charles M. Hansen, Mrs. Arthur R. Hansen, Helmer Hanson, Leo Harbaugh, Watson D. Harbison, Mrs. L. C. Harbison, Robert B. Hardwicke, Harry Hardy, Mrs. Edward K. Hargreaves, Mellor Harman, Dr. Hubert F. Harper, Mrs. Paul V. Harr, Russell E. Harrington, George Bates Harris, Benjamin R. Harrison, Mrs. John H. Harrold, James P. Harshaw, Myron T. Hart, Mrs. G. H. Hart, Mrs. H. G. Hart, Mrs. Harry Hart, Louis E. Hart, Mrs. Malcolm Harvey, Byron S. Harvey, Mrs. Harold B. Harvey, James D. Harvey, Mrs. Robert J. Hasbrook, Howard F. Haskell, Clinton H. Hasselhorn, Walter C. Hatcher, Dr. C. Howard Hattstaedt, Mrs. John J. Hauck, Clayson J. Hawkes, Joseph B. Hawkinson, Dr. Oscar Hawthorne, Vaughn R. Hayakawa, S. I. Hayes, Miss Lucy C. Hazen, Theodore D. Hazzard, Louis R. Headley, Mrs. Ida M. Heald, Mrs. Henry T. Healy, John J. Heavey, John C. Heckel, Edmund P. Hedly, Arthur H. Hegg, Miss Marian Heifetz, Samuel Heilo, Eric Helgason, Ami Henderson, B. E. Henn, Dr. S. C. Henriksen, H. M. Henry, Charles L. Henry, Guy J. Henry, Sister Mary Herman, Eli Herman, Maxwell R. Hershenson, Edward Herts, Arthur H. Hertz, J. H. Hesse, E. E. Hesseltine, Dr. H. Close Hewes, Howard H. Hibbard, Angus S. Hieber, Reynolds Conrad High, Mrs. George H. Hill, Mrs. Cyrus G. Hill, Mrs. Howard C. Hill, Miss Meda A. Hilton, Howard H. Hinman, Sherwood V. Hintze, Arthur W. Hirsch, Edwin W. Hirsh, Morris Henry Hitchings, LeRoy K. Hite, Miss K. Eileen Hixon, H. Rea Hoag, Mrs. Junius C. Hoag, Dr. Walter C. Hobart, Miss Lois E. Hobson, J. E. Hochfeldt, William F. Hocking, Charles H. Hockman, Miss Miriam L. Hodges, L. C. Hoffman, Joseph Hogan, Charles E. Hogenson, William 129 ANNUAL MEMBERS {Continued) Hogsten, Mrs. Yngve Hokin, Barney E. Hokin, Mrs. David E. Hokin, Samuel E. Holabird, William Holcomb, Mrs. R. R. Holland, Milton I. Holland, Robert L. Hollerbach, Joseph Holran, Mrs. John Raymond Holt/McPherson Holter, Charles C. Holzheimer, Joseph Holzman, Alfred Hooper, A. F. Hope, E. N. Hopkins, Dr. M. B. Hopper, Bernard E. Horton, Mrs. Arthur Horween, Isidore Horween, Ralph Horwich, Alan H. Horwich, Philip Horwitz, Herbert Horwitz, Irving A. Horwitz, Dr. M. S. Hottinger, William H., Jr. Hotz, Ferdinand L. Houda, Dr. Leo Hough, William J. House, Woodford W. Howe, Edward T. Howe, Roger F. Hoyt, N. Landon, Jr. Hrdlicka, Miss Bohnmilla Hrdlicka, Mrs. John D. Hubachek, Frank Brookes Hudson, William J. Huebner, Mrs. Alphonse Huettmann, Fred Hughlett, Mrs. George Huguenor, Lloyd B. Hull, A. E. Hulson, J. W. Hume, James P. Humphreys, J. Ross Humphreys, Mrs. Robert E. Hunnemann, Miss Alma M. Hurlbut, Miss Elizabeth J. Hurley, G. B. Hurley, Stephen E. Hurrell, R. E. Hurvitz, H. R. Hussman, Carl Huxley, Henry M. Hynes, D. P. Hypes, S. L. Ibsen, C. L. Igoe, Mrs. Michael L. Iker, Charles Immerwahr, Max E. Ireneus, Dr. Carl, Jr. Jackett, C. A. Jackman, Robert M. Jackson, W. H. Jacobi, Henry J. Jacobs, Joseph M. Jacobs, Nate James, Ralph C. Jarratt, Walter J. Jarrow, Harry W. Jarvis, William B. Jenner, Mrs. Austin Jennings, Mrs. C. A. Jennings, Ralph C. Jensen, George P. Jewett, George F. Job, Dr. Thesle T. Johanigman, S. E. Johnson, Alfred C. Johnson, Mrs. Doris Hurtig Johnson, Edmund G. Johnson, Elmo G. Johnson, Dr. G. Erman Johnson, Dr. Harvey C. Johnson, Homer B. Johnson, Miss Mayde B. Johnson, Miss Millie C. Johnson, R. C. Johnson, R. T. Johnson, Scott R. Johnson, Thomas G. Johnson, Voyle C. Johnston, A. J. Johnston, Bernard F. Jolly, John W. Jones, C. LaVergne Jones, D. C. Jones, Howard B. Jones, Kent Jones, Owen Barton Jones, Pierce W. Jones, Mrs. Walter N. Joy, James A. Joyce, A. J. Jung, C. C. Kahn, H. Donald Kahn, Louis Kahoun, John A. Kamm, Harold J. Kampmeier, August G. Kane, Daniel Francis Kanter, Dr. Aaron E. Kaplan, Frank Kaplan, Hyman Kaplan, Samuel Karp, Elmer H. Karpen, Leo Kasbohm, Leonard H. Kaumeyer, Mrs. E. A. Kay, Nathan D. Kay, Paul Kay, Richard Keating, Arthur Keck, Mathew Keeler, Mrs. Edwin R. Keeler, Leonarde Keene, William J. Keeton, Dr. Robert W. Keim, Melville Keller, Ralph Kelley, Mrs. Phelps Kellogg, James G. Kellogg, John Payne Kelly, Charles Scott Kennedy, David E. Kennedy, J. G. Kent, Mrs. Morgan B. Kenyon, H. M. Kerr, Leslie H. Kesses, Rev. Niketas Keifer, Mrs. Rose M. Kimes, Gerald C. Kimmell, Mrs. Kathryn Ann King, H. R. King, J. Andrews King, Miles O. Kingham, J. J. Kipp, Lester E. Kirkman, Robert A. Kirman, Sol C. Klann, Frank Richard Klapman, Philip A. Klapman, S. J. Klee, Mrs. Nathan Klein, Mrs. A. S. Klein, Dr. David Klemperer, Leo A. Klickner, John J. Klier, Dr. Floyd C. Kloppenstein, J. D. Knol, Nicholas Knourek, E. E. Knourek, William M. Knowlson, J. S. Knutson, A. C. Koch, Carl Koenig, Mrs. E. H. Kohlmann, Henry J. Kolssak, Louis A. Kolter, Dr. Bernard C. Koltz, George C. Kompare, William F. Kopinski, Louis 130 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Kort, George Korzybska, Countess Mira Kotas, Rudolph J. Kotrba, Frank Kraemer, Leo Krafft, Walter A. Krag, Franz K. Kramer, Herman J. Kramer, Mrs. Ralph Henry Krawetz, Mrs. John Kreber, Mrs. Nellie Krez, Leonard O. Kroehl, Mrs. Howard Kroll, Harry Kroll, Morris Kruesi, F. E. Kruggel, Arthur Krumdieck, Leo Krumske, Paul A. Kruse, W. K. Kuehn, Miss Katherine Kuehn, Oswald L. Kuhnen, Mrs. George H. Kuhns, Mrs. H. B. Kurth, W. H. Kysela, Thomas E. Lachman, Harold Laderman, Samuel Lamb, Mrs. Marian K. Lambert, Ronald J. Lancaster, A. Pope Lane, George A. Lange, A. G. Langert, A. M. Langford, Joseph P. Langford, Mrs. Robert E. Laramore, Florian E. Larson, Elis L. Larson, Simon P. Lasch, Charles F. Laser, M. T. Latham, Carl Ray Latimer, William L. Latshaw, Mrs. Blair S. Lau, Mrs. John Arnold Launder, Ray S. Laven, C. L. Law, M. A. Lawrence, James Lazar, Maurice Leaf, Harry LeBeau, C. A. LeBeau, Mrs. Oscar T. Lee, Miss Alice Stephana Lee, John H. Lehman, Lawrence B. Lehman, O. W. Lehmann, Miss Thesy R. Leibrandt, George F. Leitz, Miss Theodora Lentin, J. Levin, Louis Levin, Theodore Levine, William Levine, William D. Levisohn, Mrs. Arthur A. Levy, Richard Lewis, Mrs. Walker O. Lichtenstein, Walter Lindeman, John H. Lindsay, Mrs. Martin Line, Dr. Eva J. Lingott, Richard H. Linke, Walter Linthicum, J. Francis Linville, Ralph O. Linville, Richard D. Lipman, Abraham Lippincott, R. R. Lipshutz, Joseph Livingston, Charles C. Lobdell, Harry H. Lochridge, W. F. Lock, Gilbert L. Lockwood, Lawrence A. Loderbauer, George J. Lodge, E. A. Loeb, Arthur A. Loeb, Mrs. Ernest G. Lofquist, Karl E. Lome, Philip Long, Lewis M. Loomis, Miss Marie Loomis, W. W. Loos, Dr. William J. Lopez, Abelardo G. Lopez, Joseph G. Loung, George, Jr. Love, John T. Love, Miss R. B. Luckman, Charles Ludolph, Arthur L. Luning, Mrs. Henry H. Lynch, Mrs. Cora E. Lyon, James L. Lyon, Mrs. Jeneva A. Lyon, Mrs. William H. MacChesney, Miss Muriel MacFarland, Hays Macfarland, Lanning Mack, Joseph MacKenzie, William J. Maddock, Miss Alice E. Mall, Arthur W. Mamalakis, Mark P. Manasse, DeWitt J. Manaster, Henry Mangan, R. K. Mannette, Mrs. Russell L. Manning, Frank E. Manning, Frederick W. Manning, Dr. Paul D. V. Mansfield, Alfred W. Manta, Mrs. John L. Marcus, Abel Marcussen, Miss Esther L. Marling, Mrs. Franklin, Jr. Marnane, James D. Marquart, Arthur A. Marriott, Frederick L. Martin, Cecil Martin, Mrs. Edwin Dudley Marvin, W. Ross Maseng, Mrs. Sigurd Massey, Mrs. Richard J. Mathews, Mrs. John W. Mathewson, Raymond K. Mathieu, Auguste Mattes, Harold C. Matthews, Francis E. Matthews, J. H. May, Sol Mayer, Edwin W. C. Mayer, Mrs. James Leo McArthur, Mrs. S. W. McBride, W. Paul McCaffrey, J. L. McCann, Charles J. McCarty, Miss Ada Marie McCoy, Charles S. McCreery, C. L. McCullough, Robert Osgood McDowell, Miss Ada V. McEnery, Dr. Eugene T. McGregor, Robert C. McGuire, Simms D. McHenry, Irving McHenry, Roland McKay, Miss Mabel McKeever, Dr. Gertrude McKerrow, Mrs. William McKibbin, Mrs. George B. McKisson, Robert W. McLaughlin, A. G. McLaughlin, Mrs. George D. McLaughlin, Dr. James H. McMahon, Miss Nellie G. McMaster, A. B. McNall, Quinlan J. McNally, Frederick L. — 131 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) McNamara, Donald McC. McNamara, Robert C. McSurely, Mrs. William H. Mead, Dr. Irene T. Mentzer, John P. Mears, Neal F. Meek, Miss Margaret E. Meeker, Arthur Meers, James D. Mehan, J. H. Meiners, Frank X. Mendelson, Morris Merritt, Thomas W. Mertz, Miss Henriette Metzenberg, John B. Metzenberg, Leopold Metzger, M. A. Meyer, Albert F. Meyer, Stanton M. Meyer, Wallace Micek, Dr. Louis T. Millar, Ronald Millard, A. E. Millard, Mrs. E. L. Miller, Ben Miller, Charles L. Miller, Edgar B. Miller, Eugene Miller, Mrs. Grace Edwards Miller, J. M. Miller, Karl B. Miller, M. Glen Miller, William H. Milliken, J. H. Milner, Leopold Milnor, George S. Mirabella, Mrs. S. F. Miske, Erwin K. Mitchell, Mrs. James Herbert Mizen, Frederic Kimball Mohr, Albert, Jr. Moll, Ernest E. Mollendorf, J. D. Molter, Harold Monroe, Walter D. Mooney, Raymond Moore, Mrs. Agnes C. Moore, Donald F. Moore, Dr. E. M. Moore, Dr. Josiah J. Moore, Nathan G. Moore, Oscar L. Moorman, Charles L. Morgan, Mrs. J. E. Morgaridge, K. E. Mork, P. R. Morris, Milton H. Morris, P. G. Morrow, Mrs. John, Jr. Mossman, Donald P. Mossman, John E. Mower, Mrs. Delia Mowrer, Mrs. Paul Scott Moxon, Dr. George W. Moyer, Burton B. Mudd, Mrs. J. A., Jr. Mueller, Dr. E. W. Mueller, Mrs. Florian Mueller, Richard Muench, C. G. Muir, Edward G. Mulcahy, Mrs. MichaelF. Mullady, Walter F. Muller, Allan Mulligan, Joseph B. Mullin, Miss Frances M. Munnecke, Mrs. Wilbur C. Munsert, Mrs. Helen W. Munson, Lyle Murchison, T. E. Murphy, Henry C. Murphy, J. P. Murphy, Thomas J., Jr. Murray, William M. Musgrave, Dr. George J. Musick, Philip Lee Myers, Harold B. Myers, Milton M. Nadelhoffer, Dr. L. E. Naffz, Mrs. L. E. Nafziger, R. L. Nance, J. J. Nash, R. D. Nath, Bernard Nau, Otto F. Nauman, J. C. Nelson, Charles M. Nelson, Earl W. Ness, J. Stanley Neumark, Leon Neumayer, John Newberger, Ralph Newcomer, Mrs. Paul Newell, Mrs. Leland R. Newman, Charles H. Newman, Mrs. Jacob Newton, Francis L. Newton, James L. Newton, Dr. Roy C. Nilson, Alfred R. Noble, Guy L. Nolte, Mrs. Charles B. Nordstrum, George W. Norian, Morris Norris, Mrs. James North, Mrs. F. S. Norton, G. A. Notz, Mrs. John K. Novander, A. O. Novick, Daniel Nunne, William Nussear, George S. Nylander, Dr. Victor T. Oberhelman, Dr. Harry A. Oberne, George S. O'Brien, Dale O'Brien, M. J. Ochsner, Dr. Edward H. O'Connell, Dr. John S. O'Connor, Mrs. Peter P. Ogilvie, Alexander W. T. Ogilvie, Elmer E. O'Hara, Arthur J. O'Hearn, Rev. John J. O'Keefe, John F. Oleson, Philip H. Olin, Edward L. Oliver, Dr. Marguerite Olsen, Frank S. Olsen, W. M. Olson, Edward M. Olson, H. Edsall O'Neal, William James O'Neill, Dr. Eugene J. Opeka, Frank M. Orban, Dr. Balint Orschel, Albert K. Osborne, W. Irving, Jr. Ossendorff, Dr. K. W. Ottman, J. H. Overend, Robert B. Overmyer, Franklin R. Palm, Harry Palmquist, Mrs. Oscar jV. Parker, Austin H. Parker, Miss Edith P. Parker, George S. Parks, Burritt A. Parrott, George H. Patch, A. Huntington Patzelt, Miss Janet Pauley, Clarence O. Paulus, Mrs. Max G. Pearce, Charles S. Pearce, J. W. Peirce, Mrs. Clarence A. Pelts, Philip W. Pencik, Mrs. Miles F. Pendergast, Frank Pendleton, Maurice B. Pennebaker, John Paul Penner, Samuel Perin, Reuben L. Perlman, I. B. Perlstein, Mrs. Harris 132 — ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Perreault, Earl E. Perry, Arthur C. Persello, Nino J. Pershing, Mrs. Magdalene M. Person, Dr. Algot G. Peterkin, Daniel, Jr. Peterson, V. W. Petraitis, Dr. Peter Petrelli, Mrs. J. L. Petrie, John Petrie, Morton H. Petrie, Dr. Scott Turner Pettibone, Holman D. Pfaelzer, Mrs. Monroe Pflager, Charles W. Phelps, Mrs. Cassius H. Phelps, Erastus R. Phelps, Nelson D. Phelps, William Henry Phillips, Arno H. Phillips, Mrs. Howard C. Phillips, John B. Picha, Miss Sylvia M. Pick, Joseph Richard Pier, H. M. Pile, Howard C. Pillinger, Douglass Pillsbury, Mrs. Charles S. Pirie, Mrs. Gordon L. Pitt, A. A. Pletz, S. R. Plummer, Daniel C, Jr. Poe, Miss Frances Pohl, Mrs. Agnes O. Poll, Morris A. Pollock, Mrs. Lewis J. Pond, M. C. Pondrom, Alfred J. Pontius, Mrs. G. V. Ponton, George A. Pope, George J. Pope, Sidney T. Porges, Dr. Otto Porter, Dr. Eliot F. Post, Myron H. Potter, Mrs. T. A. Powell, Nathan N. Power, John W. Powers, Frank M. Powers, Mrs. George W. Powers, Miss Lillian R. Powers, William F. Poyer, Stephen A. Praeger, Charles H. Pratt, J. H. Preble, Robert C. Preikschat, Ray W. Prentice, J. Rockefeller Prescott, Morton S. Press, Robert Preston, G. G. Preus, J. A. O. Price, Griswold A. Prindle, James H. Pritchard, N. H. Pritchard, Richard E. Proby, Dr. Edmund A. Prosser, John A. Pruitt, Raymond S. Putz, Dr. William E. Quackenbush, E. W. Quan, John B. Quarrie, William F. Quisenberry, T. E. Raftis, Mrs. Richard W. Randall, Frank A. Rankin, J. T. Ranney, Mrs. George A. Rasmussen, Frank Ray, Mrs. Herbert S. Raymond, Mrs. Clifford S. Rayner, Lawrence Reace, William T. Read, Freeman C. Reed, Mrs. Allen M. Reed, Mrs. Frank C. Reeves, Courtney H. Regensburg, James Reilly, Vincent P. Rein, Lester E. Reinhart, Earl F. Reiser, Miss Irene K. Rellihen, Edwin G. Renier, Edward P. Renken, Miss Martha Rennie, Lewis M. ReQua, Mrs. Charles H. Reskin, Charles G. Revelli, Mrs. Yvonne Sohn Reyher, Mrs. Charles Reynolds, Mrs. Agnes H. Reynolds, John B. Reynolds, Mrs. Thomas A. Reynolds, Mrs. G. William Rhoads, Dr. Paul S. Rhodes, C. G. Richards, Oron E. Richert, John C. Richter, Arthur Ridley, Mrs. E. N. Riley, John H. Rinaker, Samuel M. Ring, Mrs. Ray M. Ritter, Miss Lavinia Rivkin, Lester N. Rix, Bernard J. Robbins, Burr L. Robbins, Laurence B. Roberti, Romolo Roberts, J. B. Roberts, J. K. Robinson, Miss Nellie Robinson, Reginald Victor Robson, Mrs. Oscar Rocca, Mrs. Josephine Roche, John Pierre Rochlitz, O. A. Rockhold, Mrs. Charles W. Rockwell, Theodore G. Roden, Carl B. Rogers, Mrs. J. B. Roggenkamp, John Roller, Fred S. Roman, B. F. Ronning, Magnus I. Rook, Miss Vaughn Rosenberg, Ben L. Rosenberg, Mrs. Bernhard Rosenfels, Mrs. Irwin S. Rosenstone, Samuel Rosenthal, M. A. Rosenthal, Mrs. N. H. Ross, Mrs. Sophie S. Rowley, William A. Rubert, William F. Rugen, Fred A. Rumbel, Mrs. Florence A. Runyan, Mrs. Corinne Ruskamp, William H. Russell, Harold S. Rutherford, M. Drexel Ryan, CD. Rybar, Miss Pearl A. Ryerson, Mrs. Anthony M. Sachse, William R. Sager, Mrs. Eldon H. Salberg, Emil B. Salmon, Rudolph B. Salomon, Ira Salomon, William E. Sammet, J. M. Samuels, Benjamin Sanborn, Mrs. V. C. Sandberg, Harry S. Sandel, Mrs. Clara Sang, Philip D. Sauerman, John A. Saunders, Dr. Robert H. Saunders, Thomas W. Sauter, Allen C. Sawyer, Dr. C. F. Sayers, Mrs. A. J. -133 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Sayre, Dr. Loren D. Scalbom, O. Trumbull Scalbom, Oscar L. Scarborough, Mrs. Henry Schaaf, Mrs. Clarence W. Schaffner, Arthur B. Schaffner, Miss Marion Schaus, Carl J. Schell, Rev. R. G. Schenck, Frederick Schenker, Ben W. Scheuber, Alphons J. Schiller, Dr. A. L. Schiltz, M. A. Schipfer, Dr. L. A. Schlatter, Miss Nina E. Schlossberg, Mrs. Harry Schlossberg, Max Schlossman, Norman J. Schmidt, George A. Schmidt, Mrs. Siegfried G. Schmus, Elmer E. Schneider, Benjamin B. Schnur, Joseph M. Schnute, Dr. William J. Schobinger, Miss Elsie Scholl, Bertha M. Schulze, Paul Schuman, J. R. Schupp, Robert W. Schureman, Jean L. Schuttler, Mrs. Peter Schuyler, L. H. Schwab, Martin C. Schwartz, Joseph Schweitzer, E. O. Schwemm, Earl M. Sciaky, Mrs. Mario M. Scofield, Clarence P. Scott, Frederick H. Scott, George A. H. Scudder, Mrs. Barrett Seass, Arthur Robert Seaverns, George A., Jr. Secord, Burton F. Seeley, Clarence H. Segal, Myron M. Segal, Victor Segil, Harold T. Seidenbecker, Mrs. 0. F. Selfridge, Calvin F. Selig, Lester N. Senear, Dr. F. E. Sexton, Mrs. Thomas G. Shakman, James G. Sharpe, Donald W. Shaw, Mrs. Elvie Shea, Harry F. Shedd, Mrs. Charles C. Sheffer, K. A. Shepherd, Edward W. Sheridan, Leo J. Sherman, H. C. Shipley, Dr. Carl V. Shlopack, Wallace B. Short, Leland W. Shrader, Frank K. Shultz, Earle Sibley, Joseph C, Jr. Sillani, Mrs. Mabel W. Silverman, Harry Silverstein, Milton Silverstein, Ramond Simpson, Bruce L. Sinnerud, Dr. O. P. Slaughter, Dr. Danely Philip Sloan, William F. Smaha, 0. O. Smalley, B. L. Smalley, Dr. Charles Smart, David A. Smart, Wilbur Smerz, E. J. Smith, John F., Jr. Smith, Reynold S. Snider, Dr. S. Sinclair Snoberger, R. E. Snyder, Oliver C. Sohn, Harry Sollitt, Mrs. Ralph T. Sollitt, Sumner S. Somerville, Mrs. Helen Sonnenschein, Mrs. Edward Sordahl, Mrs. Louis O. Soukup, Mrs. Raymond J. Spalding, Mrs. Charles F. Speed, Dr. Kellog Spencer, Arthur T. Spencer, Miss Elizabeth J. Spencer, John P. Spicer, Mrs. George A. Spiegel, Mrs. Philip Spirrison, Dr. Charles G. Spitz, M. W. Spivack, Dr. Julius L. Staffelbach, Earl T. Stahl, Felix B. Stanton, Lyman A. Starrett, James W. Starshak, A. L. Steffen, Charles Steffensen, Sigurd Steinfeldt, Dr. C. R. Steins, Mrs. Halsey Steinwedell, William Stemm, R. Edward Stensgaard, W. L. Stephen, Alexander F. Stern, Jacob S. Steuer, Mrs. Joseph True Stevens, Miss Charlotte M. Stevens, Francis O. Stevens, Mrs. R. St. John Stewart, George R. Stibgen, Geary V. Stifler, Mrs. J. M. Stiles, J. F., Jr. Stoehr, Kurt Stolle, Arthur E. Stone, Dr. F. Lee Stone, Mrs. John Sheppard Storkan, Mrs. James Stormont, Dr. D. L. Stout, Frederick E. Straka, Frank B. Stransky, Franklin J. Strauch, Dr. August Straus, Harry C. Straus, Mrs. Robert E. Stresenreuter, Mrs. Charles H. Stresen-Reuter, Frederick A. Strodel, F. A. Strohmeier, Dr. Otto E. Strong, Joseph L. Strong, Dr. R. M. Stroup, William B. Stuart, William M. Stude, Henry Stumes, Charles B. Stumpp, Hugo Sturla, Harry L. Sturm, William G. Sudler, Carroll H., Jr. Sullivan, Joseph P. Sullivan, Miss Mary M. Sundblom, Haddon H. Suyker, Hector Swan, Edmund F. Swenson, Mrs. Edwin H. Swift, T. Philip Symes, J. M. Symmes, William H. Symonds, Merrill Talbot, Mrs. Eugene S., Jr. Tarnopol, Emil Tarrant, Mrs. Robert Tarrson, Albert J. Tartak, Paul H. Tatge, Paul W. Taylor, Mrs. A. Thomas Taylor, Mrs. Samuel G. Teach, Jacob A. Teare, W. C. Teeters, S. B. 134 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Tegarden, J. E. Teitelbaum, Irving E. Temps, Leupold Test, Dr. Frederick C. Testin, Dr. Henry S. Thai, Dr. Paul E. Thayer, Dr. Eugene A. Thirkield, D. D. Thomas, Lee B. Thompson, Ernest H. Thorne, Mrs. Gordon C. Thornton, Roy V. Thorson, Reuben Thorsson, O. M. Throop, Mrs. George Enos Tichy, Dr. Elsie M. Ticktin, Mrs. Mae C. Tighe, Thomas Tippens, Mrs. Albert H. Todd, A. Tonk, Percy A. Toomey, John T. Toomin, Philip R. Topaz, Martin Toplon, Irving S. Toren, E. Clifford Torgerson, Mrs. Roland M. Trautmann, Mrs. Theodore Traver, George W. Tregenza, A. E. Tremain, Miss Eloise R. Trier, Robert Trude, Daniel P. Trumbull, Robert F. Tschampel, Paul Turner, Frederick W. Turner, Guy R. Turner, Maurice Tuteur, Charles Tuteur, Irving M. Tylee, Mrs. Arthur F. Tyrrell, Miss Frances Ullmann, S. E. Unger, Paul R. Urban, Andrew Ursin, Mrs. Ben E. Utley, Mrs. Clifton M. Utley, George B. VanDahm, Peter VanDeventer, William E. VanHagen, Mrs. George E. VanSlyke, Wirt B. Varty, Leo G. Velde, James A. Vilsoet, William Vinson, Owen Vloedman, Dr. D. A. Vogel, James B. vonPerbandt, Mrs. Louis Vose, Mrs. Frederic P. Wach, Dr. Edward C. Wacker, Fred G. Wadler, Milton Arnold Wadlow, George B. Wagner, Richard Wahl, Herman L. Waite, Roy E. Walcher, Alfred Waldeck, Herman Walker, Wendell Wallace, Charles Ross Wallace, R. G. Wallach, Mrs. H. L. Wallen, Miss Marguerite Lorraine Wallenstein, Sidney Waller, William, Jr. Wallgren, Eric M. Walsh, Mrs. Carroll T. Walter, Mrs. Charles A. Walters, Gary G. Walton, Wilbur L. Walz, John W. Wanzer, Howard H. Wardwell, H. F. Ware, Willis C. Warner, Ernest N. Warner, Mason Warren, Edward J. Warren, L. Parsons Warren, William G. Washburn, Dr. Kenneth C. Wassell, Charles K. Wasserman, Hy Wasserman, Samuel A. Wasson, Theron Waterhouse, Paul G. Waterman, C. W. Waters, Mrs. Marshall A. Watkins, Frank A. Watkins, Frederick A. Watkins, Mrs. Richard W. Watling, John Watt, Herbert J. Way, Mrs. Henry J. Wayne, Michael Weak, Eugene H. Webster, A. Webster, Harry C. Webster, James Webster, N. C. Weeks, Miss Dorothy Weeks, H. Boyd Weeks, R. B. Weidert, William C. Weiner, Charles Weinress, S. J. Weismantel, Miss Theresa A. Weiss, Louis A. Weiss, Roscoe L. Welch, L. C. Welch, R. T. Wellin, Elmer G. Wells, F. Harris Welshon, Mrs. Mary C. Wendhack, Fred G. Wescott, Dr. Virgil West, Mrs. Mary Lavelle West, Dr. Olin Westman, Roy W. Wethers, Dr. William H. Wetmore, Horace 0. Wettley, Eberhard E. Wezeman, Frederick H. Wheeler, Mrs. Maida B. Wheelock, Miss Ellen P. Whipple, Miss Velma D. Whiston, Frank M. White, Graybiel Graham White, Mrs. Lynne L. White, William J. Whitelock, John B. Wible, R. R. Wickland, Algot A. Wickman, C. E. Wilcox, Robyn Wilds, John L. Willard, Mrs. Charles H. Willard, Nelson W. Williams, Harry W. Willkie, E. E. Wilson, Arlen J. Wilson, Mrs. Elizabeth C. Wilson, Miss Fanny B. Wilson, Holmes Wilson, John G. Wilson, Percival C. Winner, Dr. A. E. Winsberg, G. L. Winsberg, Herbert H. Winsberg, Leo Winsberg, Samuel Winston, Mrs. Farwell Winterbotham, John R. Wise, Herman Wise, James E. Witkowsky, James Wolf, Morris E. Wolff, Frank C. Wood, Harvey E. Wood, Henry Paull Wood, John W. Wood, Milton G. Wood, Rev. Walter S. 135 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Wood, Dr. William Woodson, William T. Woodyatt, Dr. Rollin Turner Woolard, Francis C. Wright, William Ryer Wright, Mrs. R. G. Wrisley, George A. Wrisley, L. Norton Wuichet, West Wulbert, Morris Wurth, Mrs. William Yanofsky, Dr. Hyman Yates, John E. Yates, William H. Young, C. S. Youngberg, Arthur C. Youngren, W. W. Zadek, Milton Zahn, Louis Zalewski, C. Stanley Zangerle, A. Arthur Zillman, Mrs. L. C. Zimmermann, Mrs. P. Zipse, Edwin W. Zischke, Herman Zolla, Abner M. Adler, Sidney Bassett, Raymond Bean, Edward H. Beven, J. L. Cable, Arthur G. Chapin, Rufus F. Cherry, Oscar A. Deceased, 1945 Flaks, Francis A. Fritzell, E. W. Hamilton, Gurdon H. Hanson, Rev. Olof B. Hardaway, John C. Harpel, Mrs. Charles Harper, Robert B. Hoffmann, Dr. Walter H. O. Knapp, Charles S. McFadden, Everett R. Michaels, Joseph Mitchell, Mrs. George R. Rosenthal, David F. Rukin, Max Shaw, Mrs. Walter A. rvjrci it/ i \j Sectioi endowment as may becor. from time to Committee is tion to be mac of the Corpora of a nominee s» Section 6. struction, recon: purposes. Section 7. to time as the C. do by three mem administration of Monthly Meeting; each fiscal year, p 4 forth the probable r mendations as to th and fixed charges, tures stated are auth Section 8. The ing and bookkeeping, the same, once each y firm, and shall transmi at the next ensuing r« place. Section 9. The P processes as shall be est; amount the Pension Fun shall be subject to the ap Section 10. The CI proceedings thereof at the Section 11. The Pre and Chairman of the Exec mittee may be filled by ball Committee shall have supervision of investing the the Corporation, and the care of such real estate hall have authority to make and alter investments actions to the Board of Trustees. The Finance cause any funds or investments of the Corpora- and it is further authorized to cause real estate lvestments, to be held or registered in the name Lmmittee shall have supervision of the Con- xion of any and all buildings used for Museum pimittee shall be called together from time jer necessary, or as he may be requested to i, to act upon such matters affecting the innot await consideration at the Regular trustees. It shall, before the beginning of fo the Board an itemized Budget, setting £ces for the ensuing year, and make recom- should be made for routine maintenance >f the Budget by the Board, the expendi- shall have supervision over all account- the financial records. It shall cause >e examined by an expert individual or .expert individual or firm to the Board \r such examination shall have taken lall determine by such means and rd of Trustees to whom and in what 1. These determinations or findings of Trustees. [mmittee shall report the acts and meeting of the Board. icio a member of all Committees ^Vacancies occurring in any Com- ?eting of the Board. Section 1. At the Novt nating Committee of three shi nominations for membership of the Auditing Committee, and of the Executive Committee, fr ensuing December meeting and in January. fEE > Board each year, a Nomi- Said Committee shall make jttee, the Building Committee, jttee, and for three members ;es, to be submitted at the following Annual Meeting Section 1. Whenever the wc the Corporation, it shall be taken as an Institution is located and ope study collections, or in storage, fui and all appurtenances of the Instit tions, expenditures, field work, labor, and all scientific and maintenance ac\ Section 2. The By-Laws, and 1 be amended at any regular meeting o thereof of not less than two-thirds c amendment shall have been proposed z lployed in the By-Laws of jng in which the Museum ^exhibited, the material in pes, tools, records, books, jngs, researches, installa- hcations, lecture courses, of Incorporation, may ^tees by a vote in favor present, provided the ir meeting. 138