L I B RA RY

OF THL

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Of 1 LLI NOIS

572

r\a. 32.- 3 /

The person charging this material is re-
sponsible for its return to the library from
which it was withdrawn on or before the
Latest Date stamped below.

Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books
are reasons for disciplinary action and may
result in dismissal from the University.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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Ancient Seals of the Near East

BY

RICHARD A. MARTIN

Curator of Near Eastern Archaeology

THE LIBRARY OF THE

AUG 6 1940

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

UmiIxiuujiumi'

FOUNDED BY MATISHACL FIELD ^

Anthropology
Leaflet 34

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

CHICAGO
1940

The Anthropological Leaflets of Field Museum are designed to
give brief, non-technical accounts of some of the more interesting
beliefs, habits and customs of the races whose life is illustrated
in the Museum's exhibits.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL LEAFLETS ISSUED TO DATE

1. The Chinese Gateway (supply exhausted) ... $ —

2. Philippine Forge Group 10

3. Japanese Collections 20

4. New Guinea Masks 15

5. The Thunder Ceremony of the Pawnee 20

6. The Sacrifice to the Morning Star by the Skidi

Pawnee 10

7. Purification of the Sacred Bundles, a Ceremony of

the Pawnee 10

8. Annual Ceremony of the Pawnee Medicine Men . .10

9. The Use of Sago in New Guinea 10

10. Use of Human Skulls and Bones in Tibet ... .10

11. The Japanese New Year's Festival, Games and

Pastimes 15

12. Japanese Costume 20

13. Gods and Heroes of Japan .15

14. Japanese Temples and Houses 15

15. Use of Tobacco among North American Indians . .20

16. Use of Tobacco in Mexico and South America . . .15

17. Use of Tobacco in New Guinea and Neighboring

Regions 10

18. Tobacco and Its Use in Asia 25

19. Introduction of Tobacco into Europe 25

20. The Japanese Sword and Its Decoration 15

21. Ivory in China 60

22. Insect-Musicians and Cricket Champions of China . .40

23. Ostrich Egg-shell Cups of Mesopotamia and the

Ostrich in Ancient and Modern Times ... .30

24. The Indian Tribes of the Chicago Region with

Special Reference to the Illinois and the
Potawatomi 25

25. The Civilization of the Mayas 60

26. The Early History of Man {supply exhausted) . , —

27. The Giraffe in History and Art 60

28. The Field Museum -Oxford University Expedition

to Kish, Mesopotamia, 1923-1929 50

29. Tobacco and Its Use in Africa 25

30. The Races of Mankind 25

31. Prehistoric Man 25

32. Primitive Hunters of Australia 30

33. Archaeology of South America 75

34. Ancient Seals of the Near East 25

CLIFFORD C. GREGG. Direotob

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHICAGO, U.S.A.

THE LIBRARY OF THE

AUG 6 1940

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

/!

A

CYLINDER AND STAMP SEALS

Cylinder seals: No. 1. Early Dynastic; basalt. No. 2. Jemdet Naar; marble. No. 3.

Early Dynastic; shell. No. 4. Agade; basalt. No. 5. Babylonian; hematite. No. 6.

Neo-Babylonian (modern impression); carnelian. Stamp seals: No. 7. Neo- Babylonian;

quartz. No. 8. Sasanid; chalcedony. No. 9. Sasanid; carnelian.

Actual size

!;

Field Museum of Natural History

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Chicago, 1940

Leaflet Number 34
Copyright 1940 by Field Museum op Natural History

Ancient Seals of the Near East

The cylinder seal is the major contribution of Mesopo-
tamia to glyptic art. Cylinders originated during the
Uruk period in the fourth millennium B.C., and were used
for more than three thousand years by the peoples of the
Near East.

Cylinder seals are engraved in intaglio on the curved
surface. Both before and after the invention of writing,
they were utilized for many types of sealing purposes.
The shapes of the cylinders, varying slightly during dif-
ferent periods, were well adapted for making impressions
on all sorts of irregular clay surfaces. Moist clay plastered
about the cover of a jar and rolled over by a seal would
prevent any tampering with the contents of the jar with-
out destruction of the owner's seal impression. An im-
pression on a lump of clay placed over the knot of a cord
would protect merchandise tied in a bundle. A dab of
impressed clay on an object would label its ownership.
The earliest written documents bear seal impressions.
Business transactions written on clay tablets were legal-
ized by the seal impressions of witnesses, and state letters
were authenticated by the seals of officials.

Stone of all kinds, usually of the harder varieties, was
the most generally used material for the cylinders, but
during the Early Dynastic period seals were often cut
from the cores of spider shells from the Persian Gulf.
Copper and bronze gravers and the bow-drill were the
tools of the early seal-cutter. Later he added to these
a small revolving disk. The cylinders were usually

4 Field Museum of Natural History

perforated lengthwise so that they could be worn either
attached to a pin or suspended from a cord about the neck
or wrist.

The seals depict nearly all phases of the life of the
times, with emphasis on the mythological. Inscriptions
first appear on cylinders in the Early Dynastic period
and consist only of the name of the owner. Later the
seals were dedicated by the owner to the king or a god,
the inscriptions reaching their greatest length during the
Kassite period with prayers to the gods. The cuneiform
characters were cut in reverse so that they could be read
from the impression.

Although in later Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian times
stamp seals began to replace cylinders, it was not until
after the fall of the Persian Empire in 331 B.C. that the
cylinder seal died out. Stamp seals were engraved only on
the base. They were made of the same materials that were
used for cylinders, and the engraving technique was simi-
lar. The stamp, like the cylinder, could be used on clay,
but it was better suited than the cylinder for use on the
newer writing materials that gradually displaced the clay
tablet. Stamp seals are still in use, but the pictorial seal
of the Near East died out with the Arab conquest in
A.D. 637.

The seal impressions illustrated in the following pages
represent some of the finest examples of the major periods
in Near Eastern glyptic art. These photographs are from
reproductions in the frieze of the Babylonian Hall
(Hall K), in which the impressions have been enlarged
approximately twenty-five times.

''-^.

* A

••**

*^ >» <W WF '-

ANCIENT IMPRESSIONS OF SEALS

Nos. 1 and 2. Babylonian; impressions of cylinder seals on clay. No. 3. Neo-Baby-
lonian; stamp on asphalt jar-stopper. No. 4. Third Dynasty Ur; clay "receipt" bear-
ing cylinder-seal impression of a man named Gududu. No. 5. Babylonian; showing
cylinder-seal impressions of witnesses to a real estate transaction.

Actual size

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HITTITE

No. 18

11th Century B.C.

This is a royal, bihngual stamp seal. In the center
stands the king holding his staff of office. About him is
an inscription in Hittite hieroglyphics. On the periphery
of the seal the same inscription is repeated in cuneiform.

Cuneiform:
Hieroglyphic:

INSCRIPTION

"'Tor-qu-u-iim-me
sar mCit dl Me-ra+a

Tar^u-thi Me-\-ra-e
land king

Tarqutimme the king
of the land Mera

Tarhuthi the king
of the land Mera

NEO-BABYLONIAN

No. 19

6th Century B.C.

A bearded priest, conventionalized, wearing a long gar-
ment, stands before an altar on which is the spade symbol
of Marduk and the stylus symbol of Nabu.

ACHAEMENID
No. 20 5th Century B.C.

This seal shows a charging lion above a wild boar.

*^»»

No. 21

PARTHIAN

2nd Century B.C.

Portrait of Mithradates I (171-138 B.C.), probably
done by a Greek artist.

No. 22

SASANID

3rd-4th Century a.d.

A long-horned antelope in repose. Above its tail is a six-
pointed star, and before it are three lines indicating gi'ass.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Field Museum gratefully acknowledges the co-opera-
tion of the following institutions and individuals in whose
collections the seals are located :

1. National Museum, Baghdad.

2. Oriental Institute, Chicago.

3. National Museum, Baghdad.

4. National Museum, Baghdad.

5. Collection de Clercq, Paris.

6. British Museum, London.

7. University of Illinois, Urbana.

8. Harvard Semitic Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

9. Staatliche Museen, Berlin.

10. Mr. Edward T. Newell, American Numismatic Society, New

York.

11. Collection de Clercq, Paris.

12. Mrs. William H. Moore, New York.

13. Mr. Edward T. Newell, American Numismatic Society, New

York.

14. Musee National du Louvre, Paris.

15. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

16. Mrs. Agnes Brett, New York.

17. Hermitage Museum, Leningrad.

18. Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.

19. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

20. Oriental Institute, Chicago.

21. Hertzoglichen Museum, Gotha, Germany.

22. Oriental Institute, Chicago.

Field Museum is indebted to the following members
of the faculty of the Oriental Institute, University of
Chicago: Professor Albert T. Olmstead, for his many
valuable suggestions and for the untiring interest and
enthusiasm which he devoted to the project; Dr. Ignace J.
Gelb, for the transliterations and translations of the
cuneiform inscriptions; and Drs. Neilson C. Debevoise
and George G. Cameron, for their generous assistance.

The Federal Arts Project of the Work Projects Admin-
istration prepared the frieze. The beauty and accuracy
of the enlargements are due to the careful supervision
of Mr. Edouard Chassaing, and to the skill of the many
sculptors who executed the work.

UKIVEBSITV Of >UJ»0>S

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS